11.2.1
Volcanoes & Their Products
Volcanic Eruptions
Volcanic Eruptions
When a volcano erupts at the Earth's surface, it can produce lots of different things, including:
![Illustrative background for Lava](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-03/6378c52a-2fc3-4dc1-aedc-c53814e7d2b6/shutterstock_251331703,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
![Illustrative background for Lava ?? "content](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-03/6378c52a-2fc3-4dc1-aedc-c53814e7d2b6/shutterstock_251331703,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
Lava
Lava
- Lava is magma (molten rock) above the surface of the Earth.
![Illustrative background for Gases](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-03/d5052679-0d02-45ad-88ba-d57dcec07877/shutterstock_70382440,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
![Illustrative background for Gases ?? "content](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-03/d5052679-0d02-45ad-88ba-d57dcec07877/shutterstock_70382440,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
Gases
Gases
- Volcanoes emit lots of gases like sulfur.
![Illustrative background for Ash](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-03/324535ba-345a-4358-8a08-c9f74a1160a7/shutterstock_382958167,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
![Illustrative background for Ash ?? "content](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-03/324535ba-345a-4358-8a08-c9f74a1160a7/shutterstock_382958167,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
Ash
Ash
- Ash is tiny pieces of burnt rock fragments that are blown into the atmosphere, usually at some force.
- These pieces fall on land and can float in the air, causing a volcanic winter (by blocking out the sun).
- A volcanic winter describes when a volcano erupts, producing lots of ash, which then blocks the sun. Mount Pinatubo's 1991 eruption reduced global temperatures for 3 years.
![Illustrative background for Pyroclastic flows](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-03/0204d214-8012-4921-928a-2e65df56e5f7/shutterstock_109905245,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
![Illustrative background for Pyroclastic flows ?? "content](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-03/0204d214-8012-4921-928a-2e65df56e5f7/shutterstock_109905245,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
Pyroclastic flows
Pyroclastic flows
- Pyroclastic flows are currents of hot ash, lava and gas that can move downhill at speeds of up to 500km/h during an eruption.
- Pyroclastic flows are impossible to outrun.
- They can reach temperatures of up to 1000oC and can cover distances of up to 30km from the volcano.
![Illustrative background for content](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-08/b1f104b4-d07c-4a37-aaab-30a81072b375/Volcano-ashfall-lahar-lava-hazard-pyroclastic-flow,h_400,q_80,w_640.png)
![Illustrative background for undefined ?? "content](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-08/b1f104b4-d07c-4a37-aaab-30a81072b375/Volcano-ashfall-lahar-lava-hazard-pyroclastic-flow,h_400,q_80,w_640.png)
Types of Volcano
Types of Volcano
The 2 main types of volcano are shield volcanoes and composite volcanoes.
![Illustrative background for Shield volcanoes](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2019-05/c0b6eb4f-0308-4138-a59e-a9e227fb1268/caldera-crater-volcano,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
![Illustrative background for Shield volcanoes ?? "content](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2019-05/c0b6eb4f-0308-4138-a59e-a9e227fb1268/caldera-crater-volcano,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
Shield volcanoes
Shield volcanoes
- Found at divergent tectonic plate margins or hotspots (like in the Pacific).
- Not particularly explosive.
- They release 'basaltic lava' when the volcano erupts. Basaltic lava is like a liquid that flows gradually, creating a volcano with a gentle gradient (rather than a steep slope).
- Shield volcanoes do not produce any ash.
![Illustrative background for Composite volcanoes](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/biology/6.3.2 - Genetics and evidence/volcano-1728164_640,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
![Illustrative background for Composite volcanoes ?? "content](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/biology/6.3.2 - Genetics and evidence/volcano-1728164_640,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
Composite volcanoes
Composite volcanoes
- Found at convergent tectonic plate boundaries.
- Erupt explosively.
- Instead of basaltic lava, composite volcanoes erupt andesitic lava.
- Andesitic lava is thicker than basaltic lava because it has more silica in it.
- Because andesitic lava is thicker, it travels less far and composite volcanoes have steeper sides, forming a cone shape.
- Mount Pinatubo, Mount Vesuvius in Italy and Mount Fuji in Japan are examples.
1Geography Skills
1.1Mapping
2Geology of the UK
2.1The UK's Rocks
2.2Case Study: The Peak District
3Geography of the World
4Development
4.1Development
4.2Uneven Development
4.3Case Study: Democratic Republic of Congo
5Weather & Climate
5.1Weather
5.1.1Weather & Climate
5.1.2Components of Weather
5.1.3Temperature
5.1.4Sunshine, Humidity & Air Pressure
5.1.5Cloud Cover
5.1.6Precipitation
5.1.7Convectional Precipitation
5.1.8Frontal Precipitation
5.1.9Relief or Orographic Precipitation
5.1.10Wind
5.1.11Extreme Wind
5.1.12Recording the Weather
5.1.13Extreme Weather
5.2Climate
6The World of Work
7Natural Resources
7.1Rocks
8Rivers
8.1River Processes & Landforms
8.2Rivers & Flooding
8.2.1Flood Risk Factors
8.2.2Flood Management: Hard Engineering
8.2.3Flood Management: Soft Engineering
8.2.4Flooding Case Study: Boscastle
8.2.5Flooding Case Study: Consequences of Boscastle
8.2.6Flooding Case Study: Responses to Boscastle
8.2.7Flooding Case Study: Bangladesh
8.2.8End of Topic Test - Rivers
8.2.9Rivers Case Study: The Nile
8.2.10Rivers Case Study: The Mississippi
9Coasts
9.1Formation of Coastal Landforms
10Glaciers
10.1Overview of Glaciers & How They Work
10.1.1Distribution of Glaciers
10.1.2Types of Glaciers
10.1.3The Last Ice Age
10.1.4Formation & Movement of Glaciers
10.1.5Shaping of Landscapes by Glaciers
10.1.6Glacial Landforms Created by Erosion
10.1.7Glacial Till & Outwash Plain
10.1.8Moraines
10.1.9Drumlins & Erratics
10.1.10End of Topic Tests - Glaciers
10.1.11Tourism in Glacial Landscapes
10.1.12Strategies for Coping with Tourists
10.1.13Case Study - Lake District: Tourism
10.1.14Case Study - Lake District: Management
11Tectonics
11.1Continental Drift & Plate Tectonics
11.2Volcanoes
11.3Earthquakes
11.5Managing the Risk of Volcanoes & Earthquakes
12Climate Change
12.1The Causes & Consequences of Climate Change
12.1.1Evidence for Climate Change
12.1.2Natural Causes of Climate Change
12.1.3Human Causes of Climate Change
12.1.4The Greenhouse Effect
12.1.5Effects of Climate Change on the Environment
12.1.6Effects of Climate Change on People
12.1.7Climate Change Predictions
12.1.8Uncertainty About Future Climate Change
12.1.9Mitigating Against Climate Change
12.1.10Adapting to Climate Change
12.1.11Case Study: Bangladesh
13Global Population & Inequality
14Urbanisation
14.1Urbanisation
14.1.1Rural Characterisitcs
14.1.2Urban Characteristics
14.1.3Urbanisation Growth
14.1.4The Land Use Model
14.1.5Rural-Urban Pull Factors
14.1.6Rural-Urban Push Factors
14.1.7The Impacts of Migration
14.1.8Challenges of Urban Areas in Developed Countries
14.1.9Challenges of Urban Areas in Developing Countries
14.1.10Urban Sustainability
14.1.11Case Study: China's Urbanisation
14.1.12Major UK Cities
14.1.13Urbanisation in the UK
14.1.14End of Topic Test- Urbanisation
14.1.15End of Topic Test - Urban Issues
15Ecosystems
15.1The Major Biomes
15.2Case Study: The Amazon Rainforest
16Life in an Emerging Country
16.1Case Studies
17Analysis of Africa
17.1Africa
17.1.1Desert Biomes in Africa
17.1.2The Semi-Desert Biome
17.1.3The Savanna Biome
17.1.4Overview of Tropical Rainforests
17.1.5Colonisation History
17.1.6Population Distribution in Africa
17.1.7Economic Resources in Africa
17.1.8Urbanisation in Africa
17.1.9Africa's Location
17.1.10Physical Geography of Africa
17.1.11Desertification in Africa
17.1.12Reducing the Risk of Desertification
17.1.13Case Study: The Sahara Desert - Opportunities
17.1.14Case Study: The Sahara Desert - Development
18Analysis of India
18.1India - Physical Geography
19Analysis of the Middle East
19.1The Middle East
19.1.1Physical Geography of the Middle East
19.1.2Human Geography of the Middle East
19.1.3Climate Zones in the Middle East
19.1.4Climate Comparison with the UK
19.1.5Oil & Natural Gas in the Middle East
19.1.6Water in the Middle East
19.1.7Population of the Middle East
19.1.8Development Case Studies: The UAE
19.1.9Development Case Studies: Yemen
19.1.10Supporting Development in Yemen
19.1.11Connection to the UK
19.1.12Importance of Oil
19.1.13Oil & Tourism in the UAE
20Analysis of Bangladesh
20.1Bangladesh Physical Geography
21Analysis of Russia
21.1Russia's Physical Geography
21.2Russia's Human Geography
Jump to other topics
1Geography Skills
1.1Mapping
2Geology of the UK
2.1The UK's Rocks
2.2Case Study: The Peak District
3Geography of the World
4Development
4.1Development
4.2Uneven Development
4.3Case Study: Democratic Republic of Congo
5Weather & Climate
5.1Weather
5.1.1Weather & Climate
5.1.2Components of Weather
5.1.3Temperature
5.1.4Sunshine, Humidity & Air Pressure
5.1.5Cloud Cover
5.1.6Precipitation
5.1.7Convectional Precipitation
5.1.8Frontal Precipitation
5.1.9Relief or Orographic Precipitation
5.1.10Wind
5.1.11Extreme Wind
5.1.12Recording the Weather
5.1.13Extreme Weather
5.2Climate
6The World of Work
7Natural Resources
7.1Rocks
8Rivers
8.1River Processes & Landforms
8.2Rivers & Flooding
8.2.1Flood Risk Factors
8.2.2Flood Management: Hard Engineering
8.2.3Flood Management: Soft Engineering
8.2.4Flooding Case Study: Boscastle
8.2.5Flooding Case Study: Consequences of Boscastle
8.2.6Flooding Case Study: Responses to Boscastle
8.2.7Flooding Case Study: Bangladesh
8.2.8End of Topic Test - Rivers
8.2.9Rivers Case Study: The Nile
8.2.10Rivers Case Study: The Mississippi
9Coasts
9.1Formation of Coastal Landforms
10Glaciers
10.1Overview of Glaciers & How They Work
10.1.1Distribution of Glaciers
10.1.2Types of Glaciers
10.1.3The Last Ice Age
10.1.4Formation & Movement of Glaciers
10.1.5Shaping of Landscapes by Glaciers
10.1.6Glacial Landforms Created by Erosion
10.1.7Glacial Till & Outwash Plain
10.1.8Moraines
10.1.9Drumlins & Erratics
10.1.10End of Topic Tests - Glaciers
10.1.11Tourism in Glacial Landscapes
10.1.12Strategies for Coping with Tourists
10.1.13Case Study - Lake District: Tourism
10.1.14Case Study - Lake District: Management
11Tectonics
11.1Continental Drift & Plate Tectonics
11.2Volcanoes
11.3Earthquakes
11.5Managing the Risk of Volcanoes & Earthquakes
12Climate Change
12.1The Causes & Consequences of Climate Change
12.1.1Evidence for Climate Change
12.1.2Natural Causes of Climate Change
12.1.3Human Causes of Climate Change
12.1.4The Greenhouse Effect
12.1.5Effects of Climate Change on the Environment
12.1.6Effects of Climate Change on People
12.1.7Climate Change Predictions
12.1.8Uncertainty About Future Climate Change
12.1.9Mitigating Against Climate Change
12.1.10Adapting to Climate Change
12.1.11Case Study: Bangladesh
13Global Population & Inequality
14Urbanisation
14.1Urbanisation
14.1.1Rural Characterisitcs
14.1.2Urban Characteristics
14.1.3Urbanisation Growth
14.1.4The Land Use Model
14.1.5Rural-Urban Pull Factors
14.1.6Rural-Urban Push Factors
14.1.7The Impacts of Migration
14.1.8Challenges of Urban Areas in Developed Countries
14.1.9Challenges of Urban Areas in Developing Countries
14.1.10Urban Sustainability
14.1.11Case Study: China's Urbanisation
14.1.12Major UK Cities
14.1.13Urbanisation in the UK
14.1.14End of Topic Test- Urbanisation
14.1.15End of Topic Test - Urban Issues
15Ecosystems
15.1The Major Biomes
15.2Case Study: The Amazon Rainforest
16Life in an Emerging Country
16.1Case Studies
17Analysis of Africa
17.1Africa
17.1.1Desert Biomes in Africa
17.1.2The Semi-Desert Biome
17.1.3The Savanna Biome
17.1.4Overview of Tropical Rainforests
17.1.5Colonisation History
17.1.6Population Distribution in Africa
17.1.7Economic Resources in Africa
17.1.8Urbanisation in Africa
17.1.9Africa's Location
17.1.10Physical Geography of Africa
17.1.11Desertification in Africa
17.1.12Reducing the Risk of Desertification
17.1.13Case Study: The Sahara Desert - Opportunities
17.1.14Case Study: The Sahara Desert - Development
18Analysis of India
18.1India - Physical Geography
19Analysis of the Middle East
19.1The Middle East
19.1.1Physical Geography of the Middle East
19.1.2Human Geography of the Middle East
19.1.3Climate Zones in the Middle East
19.1.4Climate Comparison with the UK
19.1.5Oil & Natural Gas in the Middle East
19.1.6Water in the Middle East
19.1.7Population of the Middle East
19.1.8Development Case Studies: The UAE
19.1.9Development Case Studies: Yemen
19.1.10Supporting Development in Yemen
19.1.11Connection to the UK
19.1.12Importance of Oil
19.1.13Oil & Tourism in the UAE
20Analysis of Bangladesh
20.1Bangladesh Physical Geography
21Analysis of Russia
21.1Russia's Physical Geography
21.2Russia's Human Geography
![Go student ad image](/en-GB/revision-notes/_next/image?url=%2Fen-GB%2Frevision-notes%2Fimages%2Fgo-student-uk-ad.jpg&w=640&q=100)
Unlock your full potential with GoStudent tutoring
Affordable 1:1 tutoring from the comfort of your home
Tutors are matched to your specific learning needs
30+ school subjects covered