2.3.4
Coastal Management - More Hard Engineering
Coastal Defences - Hard Engineering 2
Coastal Defences - Hard Engineering 2
Hard engineering strategies aim to reduce the effects of flooding and erosion by building man-made structures that control the sea's flow. Examples of hard engineering strategies include:
Revetments
Revetments
- A cheaper version of a seawall. They are placed against the base of a cliff.
- They are made from wood or concrete and they look like a sloping ramp.
- They deflect (change the direction of) wave energy to protect the cliff’s base as this reduces undercutting.
- Advantages:
- They are cheaper to install than a sea wall and do a similar job.
- They need less maintenance than a sea wall.
- Disadvantages:
- They are quite expensive to install.
- They look quite unnatural and unattractive.
Offshore breakwater 1
Offshore breakwater 1
- These shelter the beach from waves.
- Breakwaters can be constructed with one end linked to the shore or positioned offshore from as little as 100 m up to 300–600 m from the original shoreline.
- They are constructed with rubble/rocks and/or concrete
Offshore breakwater 2
Offshore breakwater 2
- Advantages:
- Very effective as they take almost all the energy from the waves so they work well.
- Disadvantages:
- Difficult to maintain, expensive to maintain.
- Ruin the beach effect of waves lapping on the shore.
- Unnatural.
- Can be destroyed by storm waves.
- Look unattractive.
Tidal barrage
Tidal barrage
- A feature of river estuaries.
- These are big walls across an estuary that can be opened or closed.
- Advantage - really effective at protecting whatever is behind them (e.g. London - Thames Barrier).
- Disadvantage - very high costs.
1Paper 1 - Changing River Environnments
1.1Characteristics of Rivers
1.2River Landforms
1.3Rivers: Opportunities & Hazards
1.4The Bradshaw Model
1.5The Drainage Basin & the Water Cycle
1.6Processes Operating in a Drainage Basin
2Paper 1 - Changing Coastal Environments
2.1Physical Processes that Shape the Coast
2.1.1Processes of Erosion
2.1.2Corrosion & Corrasion
2.1.3Transportation
2.1.4Deposition
2.1.5Longshore Drift
2.1.6Types of Waves
2.1.7Case Study: The Holderness Coast (UK)
2.1.8Case Study: The Holderness Coast - Management
2.1.9Case Study: The Holderness Coast - Defences
2.1.10Diagnostic Misconceptions - Swash & Backwash
2.2Landforms
2.3Opportunities & Hazards
2.4Tropical Storms
2.4.1Tropical Storms
2.4.2Structure of Tropical Storms
2.4.3Causes of Tropical Storms
2.4.4Effects of Tropical Storms
2.4.5Hazards of Tropical Storms
2.4.6Case Study: Hurricane Katrina - Effects
2.4.7Case Study: Hurricane Katrina - Responses
2.4.8Case Study: Cyclone Nargis - Responses
2.4.9Case Study: Cyclone Nargis
2.4.10Mathematical Skills: Weather Hazards
2.4.11Diagnostic Misconceptions - Rainfall
3Paper 1 - Changing Ecosystems
3.1Antarctic
3.2Threats to the Antarctic
3.3Tropical Rainforest
3.4Tropical Rainforest: Threats
4Paper 1 - Tectonic Hazards
4.1The Structure of the Earth
4.2The Processes of Earthquakes & Volcanoes
4.2.1Earthquakes: Processes & Characteristics
4.2.2Earthquake Hazards
4.2.3Types of Volcano
4.2.4Classification & Features
4.2.5Volcanic Hazards
4.2.6Diagnostic Misconceptions - Lava
4.2.7Diagnostic Misconceptions - Location of Volcanoes
4.2.8Diagnostic Misconceptions - Focus vs Epicentre
4.2.9Diagnostic Misconceptions - Sliding Plates
4.3The Impacts of Tectonic Hazards
5Paper 1 - Climate Change
5.1Natural & Human Causes of Climate Change
5.2Impacts of Climate Change
5.3Responses to Climate Change
6Paper 2 - Changing Populations
6.1Populations Grow & Decline
6.2Population Structures Over Time
7Paper 2 - Changing Towns & Cities
7.1Where People Live
7.2Opportunities & Challenges of Urbanisation
8Paper 2 - Development
8.1Measuring Development
8.2Uneven Development
8.3Sustainable Development
9Paper 2 - Changing Economies
9.1Changing Employment Structures
9.2Globalisation
9.3Tourism
9.3.1Factors Leading to the Growth of Tourism
9.3.2The Butler Model
9.3.3Benefits of Tourism - Economic
9.3.4Benefits of Tourism - Social, Cultural & Env.
9.3.5Problems with Tourism - Economic
9.3.6Problems of Tourism - Social, Cultural & Env.
9.3.7Managing Tourism - Sustainability & Ecotourism
9.3.8Managing Tourism - Quotas & Tourism Hubs
9.3.9Case Study: Blackpool (UK)
9.3.10Mathematical Skills: Changing Economic World
10Paper 2 - Resource Provision
10.1Food
10.2Patterns of Food Supply & Demand
10.3Challenges of Food Supply
10.4Energy
10.5Patterns of Energy Supply & Demand
Jump to other topics
1Paper 1 - Changing River Environnments
1.1Characteristics of Rivers
1.2River Landforms
1.3Rivers: Opportunities & Hazards
1.4The Bradshaw Model
1.5The Drainage Basin & the Water Cycle
1.6Processes Operating in a Drainage Basin
2Paper 1 - Changing Coastal Environments
2.1Physical Processes that Shape the Coast
2.1.1Processes of Erosion
2.1.2Corrosion & Corrasion
2.1.3Transportation
2.1.4Deposition
2.1.5Longshore Drift
2.1.6Types of Waves
2.1.7Case Study: The Holderness Coast (UK)
2.1.8Case Study: The Holderness Coast - Management
2.1.9Case Study: The Holderness Coast - Defences
2.1.10Diagnostic Misconceptions - Swash & Backwash
2.2Landforms
2.3Opportunities & Hazards
2.4Tropical Storms
2.4.1Tropical Storms
2.4.2Structure of Tropical Storms
2.4.3Causes of Tropical Storms
2.4.4Effects of Tropical Storms
2.4.5Hazards of Tropical Storms
2.4.6Case Study: Hurricane Katrina - Effects
2.4.7Case Study: Hurricane Katrina - Responses
2.4.8Case Study: Cyclone Nargis - Responses
2.4.9Case Study: Cyclone Nargis
2.4.10Mathematical Skills: Weather Hazards
2.4.11Diagnostic Misconceptions - Rainfall
3Paper 1 - Changing Ecosystems
3.1Antarctic
3.2Threats to the Antarctic
3.3Tropical Rainforest
3.4Tropical Rainforest: Threats
4Paper 1 - Tectonic Hazards
4.1The Structure of the Earth
4.2The Processes of Earthquakes & Volcanoes
4.2.1Earthquakes: Processes & Characteristics
4.2.2Earthquake Hazards
4.2.3Types of Volcano
4.2.4Classification & Features
4.2.5Volcanic Hazards
4.2.6Diagnostic Misconceptions - Lava
4.2.7Diagnostic Misconceptions - Location of Volcanoes
4.2.8Diagnostic Misconceptions - Focus vs Epicentre
4.2.9Diagnostic Misconceptions - Sliding Plates
4.3The Impacts of Tectonic Hazards
5Paper 1 - Climate Change
5.1Natural & Human Causes of Climate Change
5.2Impacts of Climate Change
5.3Responses to Climate Change
6Paper 2 - Changing Populations
6.1Populations Grow & Decline
6.2Population Structures Over Time
7Paper 2 - Changing Towns & Cities
7.1Where People Live
7.2Opportunities & Challenges of Urbanisation
8Paper 2 - Development
8.1Measuring Development
8.2Uneven Development
8.3Sustainable Development
9Paper 2 - Changing Economies
9.1Changing Employment Structures
9.2Globalisation
9.3Tourism
9.3.1Factors Leading to the Growth of Tourism
9.3.2The Butler Model
9.3.3Benefits of Tourism - Economic
9.3.4Benefits of Tourism - Social, Cultural & Env.
9.3.5Problems with Tourism - Economic
9.3.6Problems of Tourism - Social, Cultural & Env.
9.3.7Managing Tourism - Sustainability & Ecotourism
9.3.8Managing Tourism - Quotas & Tourism Hubs
9.3.9Case Study: Blackpool (UK)
9.3.10Mathematical Skills: Changing Economic World
10Paper 2 - Resource Provision
10.1Food
10.2Patterns of Food Supply & Demand
10.3Challenges of Food Supply
10.4Energy
10.5Patterns of Energy Supply & Demand
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