Biology: Cambridge International A Level revision notes

1 Cell Structure
- 1.1 Cell Structure
  1.1.1 Studying Cells - Microscopes
  1.1.2 Introduction to Eukaryotic & Prokaryotic Cells
  1.1.3 Ultrastructure of Eukaryotic Cells
  1.1.4 Ultrastructure of Eukaryotic Cells 2
  1.1.5 Ultrastructure of Eukaryotic Cells 3
  1.1.6 Prokaryotic Cells
  1.1.7 Viruses
  1.1.8 End of Topic Test - Cell Structure
  1.1.9 Exam-Style Question - Microscopes
  1.1.10 A-A* (AO2/3) - Cell Structure
2 Biological Molecules
- 2.1 Testing for Biological Modules
  2.1.1 Tests for Sugars & Starch
  2.1.2 Tests for Lipids & Proteins
- 2.2 Carbohydrates & Lipids
  2.2.1 Monomers & Polymers
  2.2.2 Carbohydrates
  2.2.3 Examples of Carbohydrates
  2.2.4 Triglycerides & Phospholipids
  2.2.5 Types of Fatty Acids
  2.2.6 Exam-Style Question - Carbohydrates
  2.2.7 End of Topic Test - Carbohydrates & Lipids
- 2.3 Proteins
  2.3.1 Amino Acids & Overview of Protein Structure
  2.3.2 Primary & Secondary Structure
  2.3.3 Tertiary & Quaternary Structure
  2.3.4 Globular & Fibrous Proteins
  2.3.5 Haemoglobin
  2.3.6 Collagen
  2.3.7 End of Topic Test - Proteins
- 2.4 Water
  2.4.1 Water Structure & Function
  2.4.2 End of Topic Test - Water
3 Enzymes
- 3.1 Enzymes
  3.1.1 Enzyme Action
  3.1.2 Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity
  3.1.3 Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity 2
  3.1.4 A-A* (AO2/3) - Enzymes
4 Cell Membranes & Transport
- 4.1 Biological Membranes
  4.1.1 Fluid Mosaic Model
  4.1.2 Cell Signalling
  4.1.3 End of Topic Test - Biological Membranes
  4.1.4 Exam-Style Question - Membranes
- 4.2 Movement Into & Out of Cells
  4.2.1 Passive Movement Across the Membrane
  4.2.2 Active Movement Across the Membrane
  4.2.3 Osmosis
  4.2.4 Osmosis & Plant Cells
  4.2.5 Surface Area to Volume Ratio
  4.2.6 Adaptions to Surface Area to Volume Ratio
  4.2.7 Calculations - Volume
  4.2.8 Calculations - Surface Area
5 The Mitotic Cell Cycle
- 5.1 Replication & Division of Nuclei
  5.1.1 Chromosomes
  5.1.2 The Cell Cycle
  5.1.3 Mitosis
  5.1.4 Role of Mitosis
  5.1.5 Stem Cells
  5.1.6 Mitosis & Cancer
  5.1.7 End of Topic Test - Replication & Division
  5.1.8 A-A* (AO2/3) - Cell Cycle & Transport
6 Nucleic Acids & Protein Synthesis
- 6.1 Nucleic Acids
  6.1.1 Introduction to DNA & RNA
  6.1.2 Nucleotides
  6.1.3 Polynucleotides
  6.1.4 ADP & ATP
  6.1.5 DNA
  6.1.6 DNA Replication
  6.1.7 RNA
  6.1.8 End of Topic Test - Nucleic Acids & ATP
- 6.2 Protein Synthesis
  6.2.1 The Genetic Code
  6.2.2 Polypeptide Synthesis
  6.2.3 RNA Processing in Eukaryotes
  6.2.4 Mutations
  6.2.5 Exam-Style Question - Protein Synthesis
  6.2.6 A-A* (AO2/3) - Coronavirus Translation
7 Transport in Plants
- 7.1 Transport in Plants
  7.1.1 Plant Vessels
  7.1.2 Xylem
  7.1.3 Investigating Transpiration
  7.1.4 Adaptations to Water Availability
  7.1.5 Phloem
  7.1.6 End of Topic Test - Transport in Animals & Plants
  7.1.7 A-A* (AO2/3) - Transport in Animals & Plants
8 Transport in Mammals
- 8.1 Circulatory System
  8.1.1 Double Circulation
  8.1.2 Blood Vessels
  8.1.3 Important Blood Vessels
  8.1.4 Blood Cells
  8.1.5 Tissue Fluid
- 8.2 Transport of Oxygen & Carbon Dioxide
  8.2.1 Haemoglobin
  8.2.2 Oxygen Dissociation
- 8.3 The Heart
  8.3.1 Structure of the Heart
  8.3.2 The Cardiac Cycle
  8.3.3 Coordination of Heart Action
9 Gas Exchange
- 9.1 Gas Exchange System
  9.1.1 Mammalian Gas Exchange
  9.1.2 Smoking
10 Infectious Diseases
- 10.1 Infectious Diseases
  10.1.1 Transmission of Disease
  10.1.2 Tuberculosis
  10.1.3 HIV
  10.1.4 Malaria
  10.1.5 Cholera
  10.1.6 Measles
- 10.2 Antibiotics
  10.2.1 Antibiotics
11 Immunity
- 11.1 The Immune System
  11.1.1 Phagocytes
  11.1.2 Antigens
  11.1.3 Lymphocytes
  11.1.4 Primary & Secondary Response
- 11.2 Antibodies & Vaccination
  11.2.1 Antibodies
  11.2.2 Monoclonal Antibodies
  11.2.3 Immunity
  11.2.4 Vaccines
  11.2.5 Exam-Style Question - Immune System
  11.2.6 A-A* (AO2/3) - Disease & Immune System
12 Energy & Respiration (A2 Only)
- 12.1 Energy
  12.1.1 Energy & ATP
  12.1.2 Respiratory Substrates & Quotient
  12.1.3 Respirometers
- 12.2 Respiration
  12.2.1 Introduction to Respiration
  12.2.2 Anaerobic Respiration
  12.2.3 Aerobic Respiration
  12.2.4 Chemiosmosis & Coenzymes
  12.2.5 Mitochondria
  12.2.6 Respiration Experiments
  12.2.7 End of Topic Test - Respiration
  12.2.8 A-A* (AO3/4) - Respiration
13 Photosynthesis (A2 Only)
- 13.1 Photosynthesis
  13.1.1 Introduction to Photosynthesis
  13.1.2 Light-Dependent Reactions
  13.1.3 Light-Independent Reactions
  13.1.4 Limiting Factors
  13.1.5 Investigating Photosynthesis
  13.1.6 End of Topic Test - Photosynthesis
  13.1.7 A-A* (AO3/4) - Photosynthesis
14 Homeostasis (A2 Only)
- 14.1 Homeostasis
  14.1.1 Homeostasis
  14.1.2 Negative Feedback
- 14.2 The Kidney
  14.2.1 Kidneys & Osmoregulation
- 14.3 Cell Signalling
  14.3.1 Messengers & cAMP
- 14.4 Blood Glucose Concentration
  14.4.1 Blood Glucose Concentration
  14.4.2 Controlling Blood Glucose
  14.4.3 Urinalysis
- 14.5 Homeostasis in Plants
  14.5.1 Stomata & Guard Cells
15 Control & Coordination (A2 Only)
- 15.1 Control & Coordination in Mammals
  15.1.1 Neurones
  15.1.2 Receptors
  15.1.3 Taste
  15.1.4 Reflexes
  15.1.5 Action Potentials
  15.1.6 Saltatory Conduction
  15.1.7 Synapses
  15.1.8 Cholinergic Synnapses
  15.1.9 Neuromuscular Junction
  15.1.10 Skeletal Muscle
  15.1.11 Sliding Filament Theory Contraction
  15.1.12 Sliding Filament Theory Contraction 2
  15.1.13 Menstruation
  15.1.14 Contraceptive Pill
- 15.2 Control & Co-Ordination in Plants
  15.2.1 Venus Flytrap
  15.2.2 Auixns
  15.2.3 Gibberellins
16 Inherited Change (A2 Only)
- 16.1 Passage of Information to Offspring
  16.1.1 Meiosis
  16.1.2 Gametogenesis
  16.1.3 Meiosis & Genetic Diversity
- 16.2 Genes & Phenotype
  16.2.1 Key Terms in Genetics
  16.2.2 Inheritance
  16.2.3 Linkage
  16.2.4 Multiple Alleles
  16.2.5 Chi-Squared Test
  16.2.6 Mutations
  16.2.7 Specific Mutations
  16.2.8 End of Topic Test - Genetics
  16.2.9 A-A* (AO2/3) - Genetics
- 16.3 Gene Control
  16.3.1 lac Operon
  16.3.2 Transcription Factors
  16.3.3 Gibberellins & DELLA Proteins
17 Selection & Evolution (A2 Only)
- 17.1 Variation
  17.1.1 Phenotypic Variation
  17.1.2 Continuous & Discontinuous Variation
  17.1.3 t-Tests
- 17.2 Natural & Artificial Selection
  17.2.1 Natural Selection & Evolution
  17.2.2 Types of Selection
  17.2.3 Types of Selection Summary
  17.2.4 Genetic Drift & Founder Effect
  17.2.5 Populations
  17.2.6 Hardy-Weinberg Principle
  17.2.7 Artificial Selection
- 17.3 Evolution
  17.3.1 Evolution by Natural Selection
  17.3.2 Evidence for Evolution
  17.3.3 Speciation
  17.3.4 Extinction
18 Classification & Conservation (A2 Only)
19 Genetic Technology (A2 Only)
- 19.1 Manipulating Genomes
  19.1.1 Recombinant DNA & Genetic Engineering
  19.1.2 Restriction Endonucleases
  19.1.3 Gel Electrophoresis
  19.1.4 DNA Probes & Microarrays
  19.1.5 End of Topic Test - Manipulating Genomes
  19.1.6 A-A* (AO2/3) - Manipulating Genomes
- 19.2 Genetic Technology Applied to Medicine
  19.2.1 Bioinformatics
  19.2.2 Applications of Recombinant DNA
  19.2.3 Genetic Screening
  19.2.4 Gene Therapy
  19.2.5 Ethics
  19.2.6 DNA Profiling & Forensics
- 19.3 Genetically Modified Organisms in Agriculture
  19.3.1 GM Crops & Livestock
  19.3.2 Ethics

1 Cell Structure

1.1 Cell Structure

2 Biological Molecules

2.1 Testing for Biological Modules

2.2 Carbohydrates & Lipids

2.3 Proteins

2.4 Water

3 Enzymes

3.1 Enzymes

4 Cell Membranes & Transport

4.1 Biological Membranes

4.2 Movement Into & Out of Cells

5 The Mitotic Cell Cycle

5.1 Replication & Division of Nuclei

6 Nucleic Acids & Protein Synthesis

6.1 Nucleic Acids

6.2 Protein Synthesis

7 Transport in Plants

7.1 Transport in Plants

8 Transport in Mammals

8.1 Circulatory System

8.2 Transport of Oxygen & Carbon Dioxide

8.3 The Heart

9 Gas Exchange

9.1 Gas Exchange System

10 Infectious Diseases

10.1 Infectious Diseases

10.2 Antibiotics

11 Immunity

11.1 The Immune System

11.2 Antibodies & Vaccination

12 Energy & Respiration (A2 Only)

12.1 Energy

12.2 Respiration

13 Photosynthesis (A2 Only)

13.1 Photosynthesis

14 Homeostasis (A2 Only)

14.1 Homeostasis

14.2 The Kidney

14.3 Cell Signalling

14.4 Blood Glucose Concentration

14.5 Homeostasis in Plants

15 Control & Coordination (A2 Only)

15.1 Control & Coordination in Mammals

15.2 Control & Co-Ordination in Plants

16 Inherited Change (A2 Only)

16.1 Passage of Information to Offspring

16.2 Genes & Phenotype

16.3 Gene Control

17 Selection & Evolution (A2 Only)

17.1 Variation

17.2 Natural & Artificial Selection

17.3 Evolution

18 Classification & Conservation (A2 Only)

18.1 Biodiversity

18.2 Classification

18.3 Conservation

19 Genetic Technology (A2 Only)

19.1 Manipulating Genomes

19.2 Genetic Technology Applied to Medicine

19.3 Genetically Modified Organisms in Agriculture