Biology: Edexcel IGCSE revision notes
1 The Nature & Variety of Living Organisms
1.1 Characteristics of Living Organisms
2 Structure & Functions in Living Organisms
2.1 Organisation Structure
- 2.1.1 Cells
- 2.1.2 Tissues
- 2.1.3 Organs
- 2.1.4 Organ Systems
- 2.1.5 Organisms
- 2.1.6 Animal cells
- 2.1.7 Plant cells
- 2.1.8 Cell Differentiation
- 2.1.9 Stem Cells
- 2.1.10 Uses of Stem Cells
- 2.1.11 Disadvantages of Stem Cells
- 2.1.12 End of Topic Test - Cell Types & Structures
- 2.1.13 Exam-Style Questions - Cells
- 2.1.14 Diffusion
- 2.1.15 Factors affecting Diffusion
- 2.1.16 Surface Area to Volume Ratio
- 2.1.17 Diffusion - Experiment
- 2.1.18 Osmosis
- 2.1.19 Required Practical - Osmosis
- 2.1.20 Active Transport
- 2.1.21 Transport in Cells
- 2.1.22 End of Topic Test - Cell Transport
- 2.1.23 Grade 9 - Cell Transport
- 2.1.24 Exam-Style Questions - Substance Exchange
2.3 Nutrition
- 2.3.1 Photosynthesis
- 2.3.2 Photosynthesis Equation
- 2.3.3 Factors affecting Rate of Photosynthesis
- 2.3.4 Photosynthesis - Calculations
- 2.3.5 Investigating Photosynthesis
- 2.3.6 Testing Leaves for Starch
- 2.3.7 Grade 9 - Photosynthesis Experiment
- 2.3.8 Exam-Style Questions - Rate of Photosynthesis
- 2.3.9 Leaf Adaptations
- 2.3.10 Ion Deficiencies
- 2.3.11 Human Diet
- 2.3.12 Vitamins and Minerals
- 2.3.13 Dietary Needs
- 2.3.14 Human Digestive System
- 2.3.15 Peristalsis
- 2.3.16 Villi
- 2.3.17 Digestive Enzymes
- 2.3.18 Amylase
- 2.3.19 Protease
- 2.3.20 Lipase
- 2.3.21 Bile
- 2.3.22 End of Topic Test - Enzymes & Nutririon
- 2.3.23 Exam-Style Questions - Enzymes & Digestion
3 Organism Functions
3.3 Transport
- 3.3.1 Surface Area to Volume Ratio
- 3.3.2 Exchange Surfaces
- 3.3.3 Examples of Exchange Surfaces
- 3.3.4 Root Hair Cells
- 3.3.5 Transpiration
- 3.3.6 Rate of Transpiration
- 3.3.7 Measuring Transpiration
- 3.3.8 Xylem
- 3.3.9 Translocation
- 3.3.10 Blood Components
- 3.3.11 Plasma
- 3.3.12 Red Blood Cell
- 3.3.13 Platelets
- 3.3.14 The Immune System
- 3.3.15 Antibodies
- 3.3.16 Vaccination
- 3.3.17 Types of Blood Vessel
- 3.3.18 Blood Vessels - Arteries
- 3.3.19 Blood Vessels - Veins
- 3.3.20 Blood Vessels - Capillaries
- 3.3.21 Function of the Heart
- 3.3.22 Structure of the Heart
- 3.3.23 Heart Rate
- 3.3.24 Heart Disease
- 3.3.25 Double Circulatory System
- 3.3.26 Important Blood Vessels
- 3.3.27 End of Topic - Transport
- 3.3.28 Exam-Style Questions - The Heart
3.5 Coordination & Response
- 3.5.1 Homeostasis
- 3.5.2 Regulating Internal Conditions
- 3.5.3 Coordinated Responses
- 3.5.4 Types of Tropisms
- 3.5.5 Auxin and Phototropism
- 3.5.6 Nervous System
- 3.5.7 Synapses
- 3.5.8 Reflex Actions
- 3.5.9 Reflex Arc
- 3.5.10 Sense Organs
- 3.5.11 The Eye
- 3.5.12 Eye - Focusing
- 3.5.13 Eye - Adapting to Light
- 3.5.14 Thermoregulation
- 3.5.15 Sweating and Shivering
- 3.5.16 Thermoregulation - Blood Vessels
- 3.5.17 Exam-Style Questions - Homeostasis
- 3.5.18 Endocrine Glands
- 3.5.19 Hormones
- 3.5.20 Nervous vs Endocrine
- 3.5.21 Adrenaline
- 3.5.22 Glucose
- 3.5.23 Puberty
- 3.5.24 Menstruation
- 3.5.25 Menstrual Cycle
- 3.5.26 Menstrual Hormones
- 3.5.27 Grade 9 - Hormonal Coordination
- 3.5.28 End of Topic Test - Coordination & Response
4 Reproduction & Inheritance
4.1 Reproduction
- 4.1.1 Asexual Reproduction
- 4.1.2 Sexual Reproduction
- 4.1.3 Gamete vs Zygote
- 4.1.4 Plant Reproduction
- 4.1.5 Flower Anatomy
- 4.1.6 Germination
- 4.1.7 Pollination
- 4.1.8 Pollination Methods
- 4.1.9 Male Reproductive System
- 4.1.10 Female Reproductive System
- 4.1.11 Pregnancy
- 4.1.12 Exam-Style Questions - Sexual Reproduction
4.3 Variation
- 4.3.1 Alleles
- 4.3.2 Phenotype
- 4.3.3 Monohybrid Inheritance
- 4.3.4 Punnett Square
- 4.3.5 Sex Determination
- 4.3.6 Codominance
- 4.3.7 Cystic Fibrosis Punnett Square
- 4.3.8 Cystic Fibrosis Pedigree Diagram
- 4.3.9 Variation
- 4.3.10 Mutations
- 4.3.11 Natural Selection
- 4.3.12 Evolution
- 4.3.13 Resistant Bacteria
- 4.3.14 End of Topic Test - Variation
- 4.3.15 Grade 9 - Evolution
- 4.3.16 Exam-Style Questions - Cystic Fibrosis
5 Ecology
5.1 Ecosystems
- 5.1.1 Ecosystems
- 5.1.2 Resources
- 5.1.3 Interdependence
- 5.1.4 Growth Factors
- 5.1.5 Assessing Ecosystems
- 5.1.6 Quadrats
- 5.1.7 Required Practical
- 5.1.8 Exam-Style Questions - Sampling
- 5.1.9 Energy Flow
- 5.1.10 Food Chains
- 5.1.11 Trophic Levels
- 5.1.12 Decomposers
- 5.1.13 Pyramids of Biomass
- 5.1.14 Transfer of Biomass
- 5.1.15 Reasons for Wastage
- 5.1.16 End of Topic Test - Food and Trophic Levels
- 5.1.17 Recycling Materials
- 5.1.18 Carbon Cycle
- 5.1.19 Exam-Style Questions - Carbon Cycle
- 5.1.20 Nitrogen Cycle
- 5.1.21 The Nitrogen Cycle and Microorganisms
- 5.1.22 End of Topic Test - Ecosystems
- 5.1.23 Grade 9 - Ecosystems
6 Biological Resources
6.1 Food Production
- 6.1.1 Intensive Farming - Crop Yield
- 6.1.2 Intensive Farming - Ion Deficiency
- 6.1.3 Intensive Farming - Pest Control
- 6.1.4 Intensive Farming - Fish Farming
- 6.1.5 Microorganisms in Food
- 6.1.6 Factors Affecting Microorganism Growth
- 6.1.7 Industrial Fermentation
- 6.1.8 Selective Breeding
- 6.1.9 Selective Breeding Process
- 6.1.10 Uses of Selective Breeding
- 6.1.11 Exam-Style Questions - Selective Breeding