Equity Theory
Psychology: AQA A Level, topic 9.2.3
Equity Theory
Equity theory is an economic theory of romantic relationships which developed out of the criticism of social exchange theory (SET).
Equity theory and SET
- SET might have been correct in its assumption that maximising rewards and minimising costs are important. But it failed to take into account the need for equity in a relationship.
- Equity means fairness and is not the same as equality. Equity relates to the to same level of profit (rewards minus costs), but this does not mean that levels of costs and rewards need to be the same.
Importance of ratio
- Equity theory says that it is the ratio, rather than the size or amount of rewards and costs, that is most important.
- If one partner puts a lot into the relationship but at the same time benefits a lot, then this will be considered fair.
Relationship satisfaction
- For relationship to be satisfying, there needs to be negotiation to make sure there is equity. That is, to make sure that rewards are distributed equally between the partners.
- This will involve the inevitable trade-offs.
- Problems can arise when one partner puts a great deal into the relationship but gets little from it.
Inequity in Romantic Relationships
Over-benefit and under-benefit are examples of inequity in romantic relationships.
Relationship dissatisfaction
- When there is a lack of equity, one partner over-benefits and the other under-benefits from the relationship.
- This can lead to dissatisfaction and unhappiness.
Satisfaction
- The under-benefitted partner is likely to feel the most dissatisfaction, often in the form of hostility, anger, resentment and humiliation.
- The over-benefitted partner might suffer with feelings of guilt, discomfort and shame.
- Satisfaction is about perceived fairness.
Hatfield et al (1979) - Study on Newly Weds
Hatfield et al (1979) investigated how perceptions of equity affect relationship satisfaction.
Research method
- Hatfield interviewed over 2,000 newly married couples about their perception of their relationship. Specifically, whether they thought themselves and their partner benefitted equally or if one partner benefitted more than the other from the relationship.
Results
- Equitable partners were more likely to think their relationship would last.
- Under-benefitted partners were more likely to cheat.
- Greatly under or greatly over benefitted partners had less confidence that their relationship would last.
Conclusions
- This study provides evidence to support the equity theory of relationships. Relationships are more likely to be happy and successful when both partners are benefiting equally from the relationship.
Evaluation
- Strengths
- Large sample.
- Standardised questionnaire - reliable.
- Limitations
- Validity – Demand characteristics and social desirability.
- Difficult to measure equity.
- Individual differences.
Test yourself on Equity Theory
Which of the following is NOT needed to make a relationship satisfying?
What can a lack of equity in a relationship result in?
What were Hatfield et al's (1979) findings?