Comparative Powers of the Houses
Political Studies: Edexcel A Level, topic 9.2.1
Powers of the House of Commons
The House of Commons has a number of exclusive powers including removing government members, rejecting and amending legislation, approving amendments to bills and approving the government's budget.
Removing the government
- The House of Commons can remove a government through a vote of no confidence.
- A motion is put forward by MPs for a vote in the House of Commons on whether the House still has confidence in the government.
- If a vote of no confidence is passed, by convention the PM must resign or request a general election.
- The Fixed-Term Parliaments Act 2011, which provided a statutory 14-day window, was repealed in 2022.
- A vote of no confidence removed the government of Prime Minister James Callaghan in 1979.
Legislation
- The House of Commons has law-making powers.
- The House of Commons has the power to reject legislation by voting against it and has final approval over any proposed amendments to bills by the House of Lords.
Select committees
- Select committees have powers to examine the government.
- Select committees are able to call on members of the government to answer questions from the committee on the work that the government is doing.
Government budget
- The House of Commons has the power to approve of government's finances and reject or amend the government's Budget.
- The House of Commons will debate the Budget put forward by the government and then the Finance Bill will pass through the legislative process to become law.
- The House of Commons has the primary role in passing Finance Bills, with exclusive power to amend them.
- The House of Lords is not able to amend or reject a Finance Bill.
Powers of the House of Lords
The House of Lords’ powers are to debate and vote on bills, and propose amendments to them for the House of Commons to consider. The House of Lords can also delay legislation from being passed.
Legislation
- The House of Lords has the power to propose amendments and revisions to bills which the House of Commons can review.
- The House of Lords will scrutinise legislation in detail through debates and select committees.
- The Parliament Act 1949 gives the House of Lords the power to delay a bill by up to one year, but the House of Lords does not have the power to reject a bill.
- The House of Lords has the power to veto secondary legislation, although this power is rarely used.
Relative Powers of the Houses
The House of Commons and House of Lords share many powers, but the House of Lords is less powerful than the House of Commons. This means that the House of Commons has primacy.
Similar powers
- Both chambers can scrutinise the government and hold it to account.
- Both chambers debate and vote on bills.
- A bill must go through readings in both chambers, and pass in both chambers, to become law.
Greater powers in the Commons
- The Lords can propose amendments, but the Commons has the final say on amendments to bills.
- The Salisbury Convention means that the Lords does not oppose bills proposed in the government's election manifesto.
- The Commons can overrule legislation, but the Lords can only delay it from being passed.
- Only the Commons can bring down a government through a vote of no confidence.
- The Commons has more power over public finances.
- The Commons has a public mandate, whereas the Lords is unelected.
Test yourself on Comparative Powers of the Houses
Which of these are NOT powers of the House of Commons
Which Prime Minister was removed by a vote of no confidence in 1979?
What kind of legislation can the House of Lords veto?
Which Parliament Act gave the House of Lords the power to delay a bill by a year?
Which statements are true about the relative powers of the Houses of Parliament?