For Students
For Teachers
For Parents

Join class Login Sign up

For Students
For Teachers
For Parents
For Schools
Resources

Join class
Login

Revision notes
A Level
Political Studies
Edexcel
Application Questions - Reform

Application Questions - Reform

Political Studies: Edexcel A Level, topic 8.2.5

Test yourself on Application Questions - Reform

Practise this topic for free

Previous topic8.2.4 End of Topic Test - Reform Next topic8.3.1 Devolution in England & Scotland

Political Studies: Edexcel A Level contents

1 Democracy & Participation
- 1.1 Representative & Direct Democracy
  1.1.1 Direct Democracy
  1.1.2 Pros & Cons of Direct Democracy
  1.1.3 Representative Democracy
  1.1.4 Pros & Cons of Representative Democracy
  1.1.5 Comparing Types of Democracy
  1.1.6 Case for Democratic Reform
  1.1.7 End of Topic Test - Types of Democracy
  1.1.8 Top Grade AO3/4 - Types of Democracy
- 1.2 Wider Franchise & Suffrage
  1.2.1 History of the UK Franchise
  1.2.2 Campaigns for Suffrage
  1.2.3 End of Topic Test - Franchise & Suffrage
- 1.3 Pressure Groups & Other Influences
  1.3.1 Types of Pressure Group
  1.3.2 Functions of Pressure Groups
  1.3.3 How Pressure Groups Influence
  1.3.4 Case-Study Examples
  1.3.5 Other Collective Orgs & Groups
  1.3.6 End of Topic Test - Pressure Groups & Influences
  1.3.7 Application Questions - Pressure Groups
- 1.4 Rights in Context
  1.4.1 Development of Rights in the UK
  1.4.2 The UK's Rights-Based Culture
  1.4.3 End of Topic Test - Rights in Context
2 Political Parties
- 2.1 How Political Parties Work
  2.1.1 Functions & Features of UK Political Parties
  2.1.2 Funding of UK Political Parties
  2.1.3 UK Funding Reform
  2.1.4 End of Topic Test - Political Parties
  2.1.5 Top Grade AO3/4 - Political Parties
- 2.2 Established Political Parties
  2.2.1 The Conservative Party: History
  2.2.2 The Conservative Party: Recent Leaders
  2.2.3 The Labour Party
  2.2.4 The Liberal Democrat Party
  2.2.5 Ideas & Policies of UK Parties
  2.2.6 End of Topic Test - Established Parties
  2.2.7 Application Questions - Established Parties
- 2.3 Emerging & Minor Political Parties
  2.3.1 Minority Parties
  2.3.2 Minority Parties Case Studies
  2.3.3 End of Topic Test - Minor Parties
- 2.4 UK Political Parties in Context
  2.4.1 Different Party Systems
  2.4.2 Political Spectrum
  2.4.3 Factors Affecting Party Success
  2.4.4 End of Topic Test - Parties in Context
  2.4.5 Application Questions - Parties in Context
3 Electoral Systems
- 3.1 Different Electoral Systems
  3.1.1 FPTP & STV
  3.1.2 AMS & SV
  3.1.3 End of Topic Test - Electoral Systems
  3.1.4 Top Grade AO3/4 - Electoral Systems
- 3.2 Referendums & How They Are Used
  3.2.1 Case For & Against Referendums
  3.2.2 End of Topic Test - Referendums
  3.2.3 A-A* (AO3/4) - Referendums
- 3.3 Electoral System Analysis
  3.3.1 Electoral System Analysis
  3.3.2 End of Topic Test - System Analysis
  3.3.3 A-A* (AO3/4) - Electoral System Analysis
4 Voting Behaviour & the Media
- 4.1 General Election Case Studies
  4.1.1 Case Studies of Elections
  4.1.2 Factors Influencing Voting in Elections
  4.1.3 End of Topic Test - Case Studies & Factors
  4.1.4 A-A* (AO3/4) - Case Studies & Voting
- 4.2 Media Influence
  4.2.1 Media Influence
  4.2.2 End of Topic Test - Media Influence
5 Conservatism
- 5.1 Conservatism: Core Ideas & Principles
  5.1.1 Pragmatism & Tradition
  5.1.2 Human Imperfection & Organic Society/State
  5.1.3 Authority & Hierarchy
  5.1.4 Paternalism
  5.1.5 Empiricism
  5.1.6 Anti-Permissiveness
  5.1.7 Radical Conservative Ideas
  5.1.8 End of Topic Test - Core Conservatism
- 5.2 Conservatism: Differing Views & Tensions
  5.2.1 Traditional Conservatism
  5.2.2 One-Nation Conservatism
  5.2.3 New Right Conservatism
  5.2.4 End of Topic Test - Different Views
- 5.3 Conservative Thinkers & Ideas
  5.3.1 Thomas Hobbes & Edmund Burke
  5.3.2 Michael Oakeshott & Ayn Rand
  5.3.3 Robert Nozick
  5.3.4 End of Topic Test - Conservative Thinkers
  5.3.5 A-A* (AO3/4) - Conservatism
6 Liberalism
- 6.1 Liberalism: Core Ideas & Principles
  6.1.1 Individualism & Freedom/Liberty
  6.1.2 The State & Rationalism
  6.1.3 Equality & Social Justice
  6.1.4 Liberal Democracy
  6.1.5 Other Important Liberal Ideas
  6.1.6 End of Topic Test - Liberalism
- 6.2 Differing Views And Tensions Within Liberalism
  6.2.1 Classical Liberalism
  6.2.2 Modern Liberalism
  6.2.3 End of Topic Test - Tensions & Views
- 6.3 Liberal Thinkers & Ideas
  6.3.1 John Locke & Mary Wollstonecraft
  6.3.2 John Stuart Mill & John Rawls
  6.3.3 Betty Friedan
  6.3.4 End of Topic Test - Thinkers & Ideas
  6.3.5 A-A* - Liberalism
7 Socialism
- 7.1 Socialism: Core Ideas & Principles
  7.1.1 Fraternity & Co-operation
  7.1.2 Capitalism & Common Ownership
  7.1.3 Communism
  7.1.4 Collectivism
  7.1.5 Common Humanity
  7.1.6 Equality
  7.1.7 Social Class & Workers' Control
  7.1.8 End of Topic Test - Socialism
- 7.2 Differing Views And Tensions Within Socialism
  7.2.1 Differing Views And Tensions
  7.2.2 End of Topic Test - Views & Tensions
- 7.3 Socialist Thinkers and Their Ideas
  7.3.1 Socialist Thinkers: Marx & Engels
  7.3.2 Socialist Thinkers: Webb & Luxemburg
  7.3.3 Socialist Thinkers: Crosland and Giddens
  7.3.4 End of Topic Test - Thinkers & Ideas
  7.3.5 A-A* (AO3/4) - Socialism
8 The UK Constitution
- 8.1 Nature & Sources of UK Constitution
  8.1.1 Development of the UK Constitution
  8.1.2 Nature of the UK Constitution
  8.1.3 Sources of the UK Constitution
  8.1.4 End of Topic Test - Nature & Sources
- 8.2 Constitutional Change since 1997
  8.2.1 Constitutional Reform since 1997 (1)
  8.2.2 Constitutional Reform since 1997 (2)
  8.2.3 Constitutional Reform 2010-15 & Reforms Since 2015
  8.2.4 End of Topic Test - Reform
  8.2.5 Application Questions - Reform
- 8.3 Role & Powers of Devolved UK Bodies
  8.3.1 Devolution in England & Scotland
  8.3.2 Devolution in Wales & Northern Ireland
  8.3.3 End of Topic Test - Devolution
- 8.4 Debates on Constitutional Reform
  8.4.1 Constitutional Reform & Devolution
  8.4.2 Should the Constitution Be Codified?
  8.4.3 End of Topic Test - Reform Debates
  8.4.4 Application Questions - Codification & Devolution
9 The UK Parliament
- 9.1 Houses of Parliament
  9.1.1 Houses of Parliament
  9.1.2 Functions of the House of Commons
  9.1.3 Functions of the House of Lords
  9.1.4 End of Topic Test - Parliament
  9.1.5 Top Grade AO3/4 - Parliament
- 9.2 Comparative Powers
  9.2.1 Comparative Powers of the Houses
  9.2.2 End of Topic Test - Comparative Powers
- 9.3 Legislative Process
  9.3.1 Legislative Stages
  9.3.2 Law-Making in the two Houses
  9.3.3 End of Topic Test - Legislative Process
- 9.4 Parliament & Executive Interactions
  9.4.1 Backbenchers
  9.4.2 Select Committees
  9.4.3 The Opposition
  9.4.4 Ministerial Question Time
  9.4.5 End of Topic Test - Parliament & Executive
  9.4.6 Application Questions - Parliament & Executive
10 The Prime Minister & the Executive
11 Relationships Between Government Branches
- 11.1 The Supreme Court
  11.1.1 Role & Composition
  11.1.2 Principles & Influence of the Supreme Court
  11.1.3 End of Topic Test - Supreme Court
- 11.2 Parliament & Executive Relations
  11.2.1 Parliament & Executive: Questions
  11.2.2 Parliament & Executive: Committees
  11.2.3 Parliament & Executive: Voting
  11.2.4 Executive Dominance Over Parliament
  11.2.5 Balance of Power
  11.2.6 End of Topic Test - Parliament & Executive
  11.2.7 A-A* (AO3/4) - Relationships Between Government
- 11.3 The European Union & the UK
  11.3.1 Aims & Policymaking of the European Union
  11.3.2 End of Topic Test - EU & UK
- 11.4 Sovereignty in the UK Political System
  11.4.1 Sovereignty in the UK Political System
  11.4.2 End of Topic Test - Sovereignty
12 US Constitution & Federalism
- 12.1 Nature of the US Constitution
  12.1.1 Nature of the US Constitution
  12.1.2 Nature: Positives & Negatives
  12.1.3 Constitutional Framework
  12.1.4 The Amendment Process
  12.1.5 End of Topic Test - Nature US Constitution
- 12.2 Principles of the US Constitution
  12.2.1 Federalism
  12.2.2 Separation of Powers/Checks & Balances
  12.2.3 Bipartisanship
  12.2.4 Limited Government
  12.2.5 End of Topic Test - Constitutional Principles
- 12.3 Federalism
  12.3.1 Main Characteristics
  12.3.2 Federal Government and the States
  12.3.3 End of Topic Test - Federalism
- 12.4 Interpretations & Debates
  12.4.1 Democracy in the Constitution
  12.4.2 Federalism
  12.4.3 End of Topic Test - Debates
  12.4.4 A-A* (AO3/4) - US Constitution
13 US Congress
- 13.1 Structure of Congress
  13.1.1 Structure of Congress
  13.1.2 Distribution of Powers
  13.1.3 End of Topic Test - Congress Structure
- 13.2 Functions of Congress
  13.2.1 Representation
  13.2.2 Legislative
  13.2.3 Oversight
  13.2.4 End of Topic Test - Functions of Congress
- 13.3 Interpretations & Debates
  13.3.1 Changing Roles & Powers
  13.3.2 Changing Significance of Parties & of Powers
  13.3.3 End of Topic Test - Debates
  13.3.4 Application Questions - US Congress
14 US Presidency
- 14.1 Presidential Power
  14.1.1 Formal Sources of Presidential Power
  14.1.2 Informal Sources of Presidential Power
  14.1.3 Powers of Persuasion
  14.1.4 End of Topic Test - Presidential Power
- 14.2 The Presidency
  14.2.1 President Relationship with Other Institutions
  14.2.2 Limitations on Presidential Power
  14.2.3 US Presidents Achieving Their Aims
  14.2.4 End of Topic Test - Presidency
- 14.3 Interpretations & Debates of the US Presidency
  14.3.1 The Imperial Presidency
  14.3.2 The President in Foreign Policy
  14.3.3 End of Topic Test - Debates
  14.3.4 A-A* (AO3/4) - US Presidency
15 US Supreme Court & Civil Rights
- 15.1 Nature & Role of Supreme Court
  15.1.1 Nature & Role of the Supreme Court
  15.1.2 End of Topic Test - Nature & Role
- 15.2 Supreme Court Appointment Process
  15.2.1 Appointment Process
  15.2.2 Supreme Court Membership
  15.2.3 End of Topic Test - Appointments
- 15.3 The Supreme Court & Public Policy
  15.3.1 Supreme Court & Public Policy
  15.3.2 End of Topic Test - Public Policy
- 15.4 Protection of Civil Liberties & Rights
  15.4.1 Protection of Civil Liberties & Rights
  15.4.2 Race & Rights in Contemporary US Politics
  15.4.3 End of Topic Test - Rights & Liberties
- 15.5 Debates & Interpretations of the Supreme Court
  15.5.1 Political Nature of the Supreme Court
  15.5.2 Judicial Interpretation
  15.5.3 Supreme Court Checks & Balances
  15.5.4 End of Topic Test - Debates
  15.5.5 Application Questions - The Supreme Court
16 US Democracy & Participation
- 16.1 Presidential Elections
  16.1.1 Presidential Elections
  16.1.2 Primaries
  16.1.3 National Party Conventions
  16.1.4 End of Topic Test - Presidential Elections
- 16.2 Electoral College
  16.2.1 Electoral College System
  16.2.2 Reforms
  16.2.3 End of Topic Test - Electoral College
- 16.3 Electoral Campaigns
  16.3.1 Issues in Elections
  16.3.2 End of Topic Test - Campaigns
- 16.4 Incumbency
  16.4.1 Elections & Incumbency
  16.4.2 End of Topic Test - Incumbency
  16.4.3 A-A* (AO3/4) - Elections & Electoral College
- 16.5 Democrats & Republicans
  16.5.1 National & State Level Organisation
  16.5.2 Democratic & Republican Policies
  16.5.3 Changing Party Significance
  16.5.4 End of Topic Test - Democrats & Republicans
- 16.6 Internal Conflict & Ideology
  16.6.1 Types of Democrats
  16.6.2 Types of Republicans
  16.6.3 End of Topic Test - Internal Conflict
- 16.7 Support & Demographics
  16.7.1 Coalition of Supporters
  16.7.2 End of Topic Test - Party Support
- 16.8 Interest Groups
  16.8.1 Political Significance of Interest Groups
  16.8.2 Interest Group Influence & Impact on Democracy
  16.8.3 End of Topic Test - Interest Groups
  16.8.4 Application Questions - Parties, Ideology & Groups
17 Comparing Democracies
- 17.1 Theoretical Approaches
  17.1.1 Theoretical Approaches
  17.1.2 End of Topic Test - Approaches
- 17.2 UK & USA Similarities & Differences
  17.2.1 Constitution: Nature
  17.2.2 Constitution: Provisions & Principles
  17.2.3 Federal System & Devolution
  17.2.4 Legislative: Lower Houses of Government
  17.2.5 Legislative: Upper Houses of Government
  17.2.6 Legislative: Powers & Functions
  17.2.7 Executive
  17.2.8 Supreme Court
  17.2.9 Supreme Court: Judicial Independence
  17.2.10 Civil Rights
  17.2.11 Civil Rights: Interest Groups
  17.2.12 Party Systems & Parties
  17.2.13 Campaign Finance & Pressure Groups
  17.2.14 End of Topic Test - Comparing UK & US
  17.2.15 Application Questions - UK & USA
18 Feminism
- 18.1 Feminism: Core Ideas & Principles
  18.1.1 Context of Feminism
  18.1.2 Sex & Gender
  18.1.3 Patriarchy & The Personal is the Political
  18.1.4 Difference, Egalitarian & Intersectionality
  18.1.5 Key Themes
  18.1.6 End of Topic Test - Core Ideas & Principles
- 18.2 Different Types of Feminism
  18.2.1 The Waves of Feminism
  18.2.2 Socialist & Radical Feminism
  18.2.3 Post-Modern Feminism
  18.2.4 End of Topic Test - Different Types of Feminism
- 18.3 Feminist Thinkers & Their Ideas
  18.3.1 Charlotte Gilman & Simone de Beauvoir
  18.3.2 Kate Millett
  18.3.3 Sheila Rowbotham & bell hooks
  18.3.4 End of Topic Test - Feminist Thinkers & Ideas
  18.3.5 A-A* (AO3/4) - Feminism
19 Nationalism
- 19.1 Nationalism: Core Ideas & Principles
  19.1.1 Nations & Self-Determination
  19.1.2 Nation-States & Culturalism
  19.1.3 Racialism & Internationalism
  19.1.4 Civic & Ethnic Nationalism
  19.1.5 Liberal & Socialist Internationalism
  19.1.6 Key Themes
  19.1.7 End of Topic Test - Core Ideas & Principles
- 19.2 Different Types of Nationalism
  19.2.1 Liberal & Conservative Nationalism
  19.2.2 Post-Colonial & Expansionist Nationalism
  19.2.3 Progressive & Regressive Nationalism
  19.2.4 Inclusive & Exclusive Nationalism
  19.2.5 End of Topic Test -Different Types of Nationalism
- 19.3 Nationalist Thinkers & Their Ideas
  19.3.1 Jean-Jacques Rousseau & Gottfried von Herder
  19.3.2 Giuseppe Mazzini & Charles Maurras
  19.3.3 Marcus Garvey
  19.3.4 End of Topic Test - Nationalist Thinkers & Ideas
  19.3.5 A-A* (AO3/4) - Nationalism

Seneca

Teachers
Parents
Students
Your school
Join class
Get mobile app
Evidence Seneca works

Resources

Revision Notes
International A Level
IGCSE
IB Diploma
Maths
Teacher CPD
Resource Hub
Blog
Free CPD courses
Definitions
Mental health & wellbeing
Find tutors
Become a tutor

Legal

Terms
Privacy - UK
GDPR
Cookies
Privacy - DE + AT
Privacy - ES
Privacy - FR
Privacy - IT

Contact us

learnmore@seneca.io
Instagram
Facebook
YouTube
X
TikTok
Help & FAQs
Press kit

A Level Courses

A Level Biology Revision
A Level Business Revision
A Level Chemistry Revision
A Level Physics Revision
A Level Economics Revision
A Level English Language Revision
A Level English Literature Revision
A Level Geography Revision
A Level History Revision
A Level Political Studies Revision
A Level Psychology Revision
A Level Sociology Revision
A Level Maths Revision

GCSE Courses

GCSE Biology Revision
GCSE Business Revision
GCSE Chemistry Revision
GCSE Physics Revision
GCSE Computer Science Revision
GCSE Design Technology Revision
GCSE English Language Revision
GCSE English Literature Revision
GCSE Food Preparation & Nutrition Revision
GCSE French Revision
GCSE Geography Revision
GCSE German Revision
GCSE History Revision
GCSE Maths Revision
GCSE Media Studies Revision
GCSE Music Revision
GCSE Physical Education Revision
GCSE Religious Studies Revision
GCSE Sociology Revision
GCSE Spanish Revision

International A Level

International A Level Biology Revision
International A Level Chemistry Revision
International A Level Physics Revision

IGCSE

IGCSE Biology Revision
IGCSE Chemistry Revision
IGCSE Physics Revision
IGCSE Geography Revision
IGCSE English Language Revision
IGCSE Computer Science Revision

IB Diploma

IB Biology Revision
IB Physics Revision
IB Chemistry Revision
IB Business Revision
IB Economics Revision

KS3 Courses

KS3 English Revision
KS3 French Revision
KS3 Spanish Revision
KS3 Geography Revision
KS3 History Revision
KS3 Maths Revision
KS3 Science Revision

KS2 Courses

KS2 Computing
KS2 English
KS2 French
KS2 Geography
KS2 History
KS2 Maths
KS2 Science