4.1.6

Germination

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Germination

Fertilisation leads to the formation of fruit or seeds. Seeds can remain dormant (inactive) for some time, and contain the food reserves needed to support the growth of the new plant before it can photosynthesise for itself. Seeds need certain environmental conditions in order to germinate (sprout roots and shoots):

Water

Water

Seeds are often dehydrated, so need water to rehydrate to start germination, but not too much water as they might rot.

Oxygen

Oxygen

Seeds need oxygen for respiration.

Suitable temperature

Suitable temperature

Seeds need to be a suitable temperature so that their enzymes can work well.

1

The Nature & Variety of Living Organisms

1.1

Characteristics of Living Organisms

1.1.1MRS GRENC 1.1.2M.R.S.1.1.3G.R.E.N.C.

1.2

Variety of Living Organisms

1.2.1Types of Cells 1.2.2Properties of Prokaryotes 1.2.3Structure of Eukaryotic Cells 1.2.4Organisms: Animals & Plants 1.2.5Other Kingdoms 1.2.6Pathogens 1.2.7Viruses

2

Structure & Functions in Living Organisms

2.1

Organisation Structure

2.2

Biological Molecules

2.2.1Chemical Elements 2.2.2Larger Molecules 2.2.3Required Practical - Food Testing 2.2.4Enzymes 2.2.5Rate of Enzyme Action 2.2.6Investigating Effect of pH on Amylase 2.2.7Grade 9 - Enzymes

2.3

Nutrition

3

Organism Functions

3.1

Respiration

3.1.1Respiration 3.1.2Aerobic and Anaerobic 3.1.3Investigating Respiration 3.1.4End of Topic Test - Respiration

3.2

Gas Exchange

3.2.1Guard Cells & Stomata 3.2.2States of Stomata 3.2.3Plant Gas Exchange 3.2.4Human Thorax 3.2.5Breathing Process 3.2.6Gas Exchange in Lungs 3.2.7Exchange Surfaces 3.2.8Alveoli 3.2.9Breath Composition 3.2.10Exercise and Breathing 3.2.11Smoking

3.3

Transport

3.4

Excretion

3.4.1Excretion 3.4.2Kidneys 3.4.3Urine Production 3.4.4Urinary System 3.4.5Nephron 3.4.6Water in Urine

3.5

Coordination & Response

4

Reproduction & Inheritance

4.1

Reproduction

4.1.1Asexual Reproduction 4.1.2Sexual Reproduction 4.1.3Gamete vs Zygote 4.1.4Plant Reproduction 4.1.5Flower Anatomy 4.1.6Germination 4.1.7Pollination 4.1.8Pollination Methods 4.1.9Male Reproductive System 4.1.10Female Reproductive System 4.1.11Pregnancy 4.1.12Exam-Style Questions - Sexual Reproduction

4.2

Genetics

4.2.1Cell Division 4.2.2Meiosis 4.2.3Genome 4.2.4Genome Diagram 4.2.5DNA 4.2.6RNA 4.2.7Protein Synthesis 4.2.8Synthesis Process 4.2.9End of Topic Test - Reproduction & Genetics

4.3

Variation

4.3.1Alleles 4.3.2Phenotype 4.3.3Monohybrid Inheritance 4.3.4Punnett Square 4.3.5Sex Determination 4.3.6Codominance 4.3.7Cystic Fibrosis Punnett Square 4.3.8Cystic Fibrosis Pedigree Diagram 4.3.9Variation 4.3.10Mutations 4.3.11Natural Selection 4.3.12Evolution 4.3.13Resistant Bacteria 4.3.14End of Topic Test - Variation 4.3.15Grade 9 - Evolution 4.3.16Exam-Style Questions - Cystic Fibrosis

5

Ecology

6

Biological Resources

6.1

Food Production

6.1.1Intensive Farming - Crop Yield 6.1.2Intensive Farming - Ion Deficiency 6.1.3Intensive Farming - Pest Control 6.1.4Intensive Farming - Fish Farming 6.1.5Microorganisms in Food 6.1.6Factors Affecting Microorganism Growth 6.1.7Industrial Fermentation 6.1.8Selective Breeding 6.1.9Selective Breeding Process 6.1.10Uses of Selective Breeding 6.1.11Exam-Style Questions - Selective Breeding

6.2

Genetic Engineering

6.2.1Genetic Engineering 6.2.2Uses of Genetic Engineering 6.2.3Producing Human Proteins in Bacteria 6.2.4Tissue Culture 6.2.5Uses of Tissue Culture 6.2.6Artificial Animal Cloning 6.2.7Exam-Style Questions - Mitosis & Cloning

Jump to other topics

1

The Nature & Variety of Living Organisms

1.1

Characteristics of Living Organisms

1.1.1MRS GRENC 1.1.2M.R.S.1.1.3G.R.E.N.C.

1.2

Variety of Living Organisms

1.2.1Types of Cells 1.2.2Properties of Prokaryotes 1.2.3Structure of Eukaryotic Cells 1.2.4Organisms: Animals & Plants 1.2.5Other Kingdoms 1.2.6Pathogens 1.2.7Viruses

2

Structure & Functions in Living Organisms

2.1

Organisation Structure

2.2

Biological Molecules

2.2.1Chemical Elements 2.2.2Larger Molecules 2.2.3Required Practical - Food Testing 2.2.4Enzymes 2.2.5Rate of Enzyme Action 2.2.6Investigating Effect of pH on Amylase 2.2.7Grade 9 - Enzymes

2.3

Nutrition

3

Organism Functions

3.1

Respiration

3.1.1Respiration 3.1.2Aerobic and Anaerobic 3.1.3Investigating Respiration 3.1.4End of Topic Test - Respiration

3.2

Gas Exchange

3.2.1Guard Cells & Stomata 3.2.2States of Stomata 3.2.3Plant Gas Exchange 3.2.4Human Thorax 3.2.5Breathing Process 3.2.6Gas Exchange in Lungs 3.2.7Exchange Surfaces 3.2.8Alveoli 3.2.9Breath Composition 3.2.10Exercise and Breathing 3.2.11Smoking

3.3

Transport

3.4

Excretion

3.4.1Excretion 3.4.2Kidneys 3.4.3Urine Production 3.4.4Urinary System 3.4.5Nephron 3.4.6Water in Urine

3.5

Coordination & Response

4

Reproduction & Inheritance

4.1

Reproduction

4.1.1Asexual Reproduction 4.1.2Sexual Reproduction 4.1.3Gamete vs Zygote 4.1.4Plant Reproduction 4.1.5Flower Anatomy 4.1.6Germination 4.1.7Pollination 4.1.8Pollination Methods 4.1.9Male Reproductive System 4.1.10Female Reproductive System 4.1.11Pregnancy 4.1.12Exam-Style Questions - Sexual Reproduction

4.2

Genetics

4.2.1Cell Division 4.2.2Meiosis 4.2.3Genome 4.2.4Genome Diagram 4.2.5DNA 4.2.6RNA 4.2.7Protein Synthesis 4.2.8Synthesis Process 4.2.9End of Topic Test - Reproduction & Genetics

4.3

Variation

4.3.1Alleles 4.3.2Phenotype 4.3.3Monohybrid Inheritance 4.3.4Punnett Square 4.3.5Sex Determination 4.3.6Codominance 4.3.7Cystic Fibrosis Punnett Square 4.3.8Cystic Fibrosis Pedigree Diagram 4.3.9Variation 4.3.10Mutations 4.3.11Natural Selection 4.3.12Evolution 4.3.13Resistant Bacteria 4.3.14End of Topic Test - Variation 4.3.15Grade 9 - Evolution 4.3.16Exam-Style Questions - Cystic Fibrosis

5

Ecology

6

Biological Resources

6.1

Food Production

6.1.1Intensive Farming - Crop Yield 6.1.2Intensive Farming - Ion Deficiency 6.1.3Intensive Farming - Pest Control 6.1.4Intensive Farming - Fish Farming 6.1.5Microorganisms in Food 6.1.6Factors Affecting Microorganism Growth 6.1.7Industrial Fermentation 6.1.8Selective Breeding 6.1.9Selective Breeding Process 6.1.10Uses of Selective Breeding 6.1.11Exam-Style Questions - Selective Breeding

6.2

Genetic Engineering

6.2.1Genetic Engineering 6.2.2Uses of Genetic Engineering 6.2.3Producing Human Proteins in Bacteria 6.2.4Tissue Culture 6.2.5Uses of Tissue Culture 6.2.6Artificial Animal Cloning 6.2.7Exam-Style Questions - Mitosis & Cloning

Practice questions on Germination

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1
Which of these is not needed for seeds to germinate?Multiple choice
2
What happens if seeds are exposed to too much water? Multiple choice
3
Examine why water is crucial for the germination of seeds. What primary purpose does water serve during this process?Multiple choice
4
How does oxygen facilitate the germination process in seeds?Multiple choice
5
Why is temperature a critical factor in the germination of seeds?Multiple choice

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Flower Anatomy

Pollination