1.1.3

G.R.E.N.C.

Test yourself on G.R.E.N.C.

After reading these notes, test your knowledge with free interactive questions on Seneca — used by over 10 million students.

Growth, Reproduction, Excretion, Nutrition and Control

GRENC are five characteristics of all living organisms:

Growth

Growth

Growth is a permanent increase in size and dry mass (without including the water in the organism) by an increase in cell number or cell size or both.
For example, a puppy will grow very rapidly in its first few months and will never return to its original tiny size.

Reproduction

Reproduction

Reproduction is the processes that make more of the same kind of organism.
For example, bacterial cells can split in two to make two bacterial cells.

Excretion

Excretion

Excretion is the removal from organisms of waste products from metabolism, toxic materials, and substances which are in excess of requirements.
For example, oxygen is a waste product made by plants, and it leaves the plant through its leaves.

Nutrition

Nutrition

Nutrition is the taking in of materials for energy, growth and development.
For example, plants take in light, water and carbon dioxide, and animals need organic compounds and water.

Control

Control

Organisms are in control of their internal environments.
Keeping internal conditions (such as temperature) the same is known as homeostasis.

1

The Nature & Variety of Living Organisms

1.1

Characteristics of Living Organisms

1.1.1MRS GRENC 1.1.2M.R.S.1.1.3G.R.E.N.C.

1.2

Variety of Living Organisms

1.2.1Types of Cells 1.2.2Properties of Prokaryotes 1.2.3Structure of Eukaryotic Cells 1.2.4Organisms: Animals & Plants 1.2.5Other Kingdoms 1.2.6Pathogens 1.2.7Viruses

2

Structure & Functions in Living Organisms

2.1

Organisation Structure

2.2

Biological Molecules

2.2.1Chemical Elements 2.2.2Larger Molecules 2.2.3Required Practical - Food Testing 2.2.4Enzymes 2.2.5Rate of Enzyme Action 2.2.6Investigating Effect of pH on Amylase 2.2.7Grade 9 - Enzymes

2.3

Nutrition

3

Organism Functions

3.1

Respiration

3.1.1Respiration 3.1.2Aerobic and Anaerobic 3.1.3Investigating Respiration 3.1.4End of Topic Test - Respiration

3.2

Gas Exchange

3.2.1Guard Cells & Stomata 3.2.2States of Stomata 3.2.3Plant Gas Exchange 3.2.4Human Thorax 3.2.5Breathing Process 3.2.6Gas Exchange in Lungs 3.2.7Exchange Surfaces 3.2.8Alveoli 3.2.9Breath Composition 3.2.10Exercise and Breathing 3.2.11Smoking

3.3

Transport

3.4

Excretion

3.4.1Excretion 3.4.2Kidneys 3.4.3Urine Production 3.4.4Urinary System 3.4.5Nephron 3.4.6Water in Urine

3.5

Coordination & Response

4

Reproduction & Inheritance

4.1

Reproduction

4.1.1Asexual Reproduction 4.1.2Sexual Reproduction 4.1.3Gamete vs Zygote 4.1.4Plant Reproduction 4.1.5Flower Anatomy 4.1.6Germination 4.1.7Pollination 4.1.8Pollination Methods 4.1.9Male Reproductive System 4.1.10Female Reproductive System 4.1.11Pregnancy 4.1.12Exam-Style Questions - Sexual Reproduction

4.2

Genetics

4.2.1Cell Division 4.2.2Meiosis 4.2.3Genome 4.2.4Genome Diagram 4.2.5DNA 4.2.6RNA 4.2.7Protein Synthesis 4.2.8Synthesis Process 4.2.9End of Topic Test - Reproduction & Genetics

4.3

Variation

4.3.1Alleles 4.3.2Phenotype 4.3.3Monohybrid Inheritance 4.3.4Punnett Square 4.3.5Sex Determination 4.3.6Codominance 4.3.7Cystic Fibrosis Punnett Square 4.3.8Cystic Fibrosis Pedigree Diagram 4.3.9Variation 4.3.10Mutations 4.3.11Natural Selection 4.3.12Evolution 4.3.13Resistant Bacteria 4.3.14End of Topic Test - Variation 4.3.15Grade 9 - Evolution 4.3.16Exam-Style Questions - Cystic Fibrosis

5

Ecology

6

Biological Resources

6.1

Food Production

6.1.1Intensive Farming - Crop Yield 6.1.2Intensive Farming - Ion Deficiency 6.1.3Intensive Farming - Pest Control 6.1.4Intensive Farming - Fish Farming 6.1.5Microorganisms in Food 6.1.6Factors Affecting Microorganism Growth 6.1.7Industrial Fermentation 6.1.8Selective Breeding 6.1.9Selective Breeding Process 6.1.10Uses of Selective Breeding 6.1.11Exam-Style Questions - Selective Breeding

6.2

Genetic Engineering

6.2.1Genetic Engineering 6.2.2Uses of Genetic Engineering 6.2.3Producing Human Proteins in Bacteria 6.2.4Tissue Culture 6.2.5Uses of Tissue Culture 6.2.6Artificial Animal Cloning 6.2.7Exam-Style Questions - Mitosis & Cloning

Jump to other topics

1

The Nature & Variety of Living Organisms

1.1

Characteristics of Living Organisms

1.1.1MRS GRENC 1.1.2M.R.S.1.1.3G.R.E.N.C.

1.2

Variety of Living Organisms

1.2.1Types of Cells 1.2.2Properties of Prokaryotes 1.2.3Structure of Eukaryotic Cells 1.2.4Organisms: Animals & Plants 1.2.5Other Kingdoms 1.2.6Pathogens 1.2.7Viruses

2

Structure & Functions in Living Organisms

2.1

Organisation Structure

2.2

Biological Molecules

2.2.1Chemical Elements 2.2.2Larger Molecules 2.2.3Required Practical - Food Testing 2.2.4Enzymes 2.2.5Rate of Enzyme Action 2.2.6Investigating Effect of pH on Amylase 2.2.7Grade 9 - Enzymes

2.3

Nutrition

3

Organism Functions

3.1

Respiration

3.1.1Respiration 3.1.2Aerobic and Anaerobic 3.1.3Investigating Respiration 3.1.4End of Topic Test - Respiration

3.2

Gas Exchange

3.2.1Guard Cells & Stomata 3.2.2States of Stomata 3.2.3Plant Gas Exchange 3.2.4Human Thorax 3.2.5Breathing Process 3.2.6Gas Exchange in Lungs 3.2.7Exchange Surfaces 3.2.8Alveoli 3.2.9Breath Composition 3.2.10Exercise and Breathing 3.2.11Smoking

3.3

Transport

3.4

Excretion

3.4.1Excretion 3.4.2Kidneys 3.4.3Urine Production 3.4.4Urinary System 3.4.5Nephron 3.4.6Water in Urine

3.5

Coordination & Response

4

Reproduction & Inheritance

4.1

Reproduction

4.1.1Asexual Reproduction 4.1.2Sexual Reproduction 4.1.3Gamete vs Zygote 4.1.4Plant Reproduction 4.1.5Flower Anatomy 4.1.6Germination 4.1.7Pollination 4.1.8Pollination Methods 4.1.9Male Reproductive System 4.1.10Female Reproductive System 4.1.11Pregnancy 4.1.12Exam-Style Questions - Sexual Reproduction

4.2

Genetics

4.2.1Cell Division 4.2.2Meiosis 4.2.3Genome 4.2.4Genome Diagram 4.2.5DNA 4.2.6RNA 4.2.7Protein Synthesis 4.2.8Synthesis Process 4.2.9End of Topic Test - Reproduction & Genetics

4.3

Variation

4.3.1Alleles 4.3.2Phenotype 4.3.3Monohybrid Inheritance 4.3.4Punnett Square 4.3.5Sex Determination 4.3.6Codominance 4.3.7Cystic Fibrosis Punnett Square 4.3.8Cystic Fibrosis Pedigree Diagram 4.3.9Variation 4.3.10Mutations 4.3.11Natural Selection 4.3.12Evolution 4.3.13Resistant Bacteria 4.3.14End of Topic Test - Variation 4.3.15Grade 9 - Evolution 4.3.16Exam-Style Questions - Cystic Fibrosis

5

Ecology

6

Biological Resources

6.1

Food Production

6.1.1Intensive Farming - Crop Yield 6.1.2Intensive Farming - Ion Deficiency 6.1.3Intensive Farming - Pest Control 6.1.4Intensive Farming - Fish Farming 6.1.5Microorganisms in Food 6.1.6Factors Affecting Microorganism Growth 6.1.7Industrial Fermentation 6.1.8Selective Breeding 6.1.9Selective Breeding Process 6.1.10Uses of Selective Breeding 6.1.11Exam-Style Questions - Selective Breeding

6.2

Genetic Engineering

6.2.1Genetic Engineering 6.2.2Uses of Genetic Engineering 6.2.3Producing Human Proteins in Bacteria 6.2.4Tissue Culture 6.2.5Uses of Tissue Culture 6.2.6Artificial Animal Cloning 6.2.7Exam-Style Questions - Mitosis & Cloning

Practice questions on G.R.E.N.C.

Can you answer these? Test yourself with free interactive practice on Seneca — used by over 10 million students.

Answer all questions on G.R.E.N.C.

Unlock your full potential with Seneca Premium

Unlimited access to 10,000+ open-ended exam questions
Mini-mock exams based on your study history
Unlock 800+ premium courses & e-books

Get started with Seneca Premium

M.R.S.

Types of Cells