2.1.1

Cells

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Cell Components

Cells of living organisms contain organelles - small structures in the cytoplasm where chemical reactions happen (e.g. ribosomes, mitochondria, chloroplasts). The cells of all living organisms contain:

Cell membrane

Cell membrane

The cell membrane separates the interior (inside) of the cell from the environment outside.
It is selectively permeable (it can control substances moving in and out of the cell).

Cytoplasm

Cytoplasm

Cytoplasm is a jelly-like fluid that fills the cell.
It is where most of the cell’s chemical reactions take place.

DNA

DNA

DNA is the molecule that makes up the genetic material of cells.
It contains the instructions for making cells and for all the cell's functions.

Ribosomes

Ribosomes

Ribosomes are organelles that are responsible for synthesising (making) proteins.

Enzymes

Enzymes

Enzymes are known as biological catalysts; they speed up lots of the reactions that happen in cells, such as those involved in respiration.

1

The Nature & Variety of Living Organisms

1.1

Characteristics of Living Organisms

1.1.1MRS GRENC 1.1.2M.R.S.1.1.3G.R.E.N.C.

1.2

Variety of Living Organisms

1.2.1Types of Cells 1.2.2Properties of Prokaryotes 1.2.3Structure of Eukaryotic Cells 1.2.4Organisms: Animals & Plants 1.2.5Other Kingdoms 1.2.6Pathogens 1.2.7Viruses

2

Structure & Functions in Living Organisms

2.1

Organisation Structure

2.2

Biological Molecules

2.2.1Chemical Elements 2.2.2Larger Molecules 2.2.3Required Practical - Food Testing 2.2.4Enzymes 2.2.5Rate of Enzyme Action 2.2.6Investigating Effect of pH on Amylase 2.2.7Grade 9 - Enzymes

2.3

Nutrition

3

Organism Functions

3.1

Respiration

3.1.1Respiration 3.1.2Aerobic and Anaerobic 3.1.3Investigating Respiration 3.1.4End of Topic Test - Respiration

3.2

Gas Exchange

3.2.1Guard Cells & Stomata 3.2.2States of Stomata 3.2.3Plant Gas Exchange 3.2.4Human Thorax 3.2.5Breathing Process 3.2.6Gas Exchange in Lungs 3.2.7Exchange Surfaces 3.2.8Alveoli 3.2.9Breath Composition 3.2.10Exercise and Breathing 3.2.11Smoking

3.3

Transport

3.4

Excretion

3.4.1Excretion 3.4.2Kidneys 3.4.3Urine Production 3.4.4Urinary System 3.4.5Nephron 3.4.6Water in Urine

3.5

Coordination & Response

4

Reproduction & Inheritance

4.1

Reproduction

4.1.1Asexual Reproduction 4.1.2Sexual Reproduction 4.1.3Gamete vs Zygote 4.1.4Plant Reproduction 4.1.5Flower Anatomy 4.1.6Germination 4.1.7Pollination 4.1.8Pollination Methods 4.1.9Male Reproductive System 4.1.10Female Reproductive System 4.1.11Pregnancy 4.1.12Exam-Style Questions - Sexual Reproduction

4.2

Genetics

4.2.1Cell Division 4.2.2Meiosis 4.2.3Genome 4.2.4Genome Diagram 4.2.5DNA 4.2.6RNA 4.2.7Protein Synthesis 4.2.8Synthesis Process 4.2.9End of Topic Test - Reproduction & Genetics

4.3

Variation

4.3.1Alleles 4.3.2Phenotype 4.3.3Monohybrid Inheritance 4.3.4Punnett Square 4.3.5Sex Determination 4.3.6Codominance 4.3.7Cystic Fibrosis Punnett Square 4.3.8Cystic Fibrosis Pedigree Diagram 4.3.9Variation 4.3.10Mutations 4.3.11Natural Selection 4.3.12Evolution 4.3.13Resistant Bacteria 4.3.14End of Topic Test - Variation 4.3.15Grade 9 - Evolution 4.3.16Exam-Style Questions - Cystic Fibrosis

5

Ecology

6

Biological Resources

6.1

Food Production

6.1.1Intensive Farming - Crop Yield 6.1.2Intensive Farming - Ion Deficiency 6.1.3Intensive Farming - Pest Control 6.1.4Intensive Farming - Fish Farming 6.1.5Microorganisms in Food 6.1.6Factors Affecting Microorganism Growth 6.1.7Industrial Fermentation 6.1.8Selective Breeding 6.1.9Selective Breeding Process 6.1.10Uses of Selective Breeding 6.1.11Exam-Style Questions - Selective Breeding

6.2

Genetic Engineering

6.2.1Genetic Engineering 6.2.2Uses of Genetic Engineering 6.2.3Producing Human Proteins in Bacteria 6.2.4Tissue Culture 6.2.5Uses of Tissue Culture 6.2.6Artificial Animal Cloning 6.2.7Exam-Style Questions - Mitosis & Cloning

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1

The Nature & Variety of Living Organisms

1.1

Characteristics of Living Organisms

1.1.1MRS GRENC 1.1.2M.R.S.1.1.3G.R.E.N.C.

1.2

Variety of Living Organisms

1.2.1Types of Cells 1.2.2Properties of Prokaryotes 1.2.3Structure of Eukaryotic Cells 1.2.4Organisms: Animals & Plants 1.2.5Other Kingdoms 1.2.6Pathogens 1.2.7Viruses

2

Structure & Functions in Living Organisms

2.1

Organisation Structure

2.2

Biological Molecules

2.2.1Chemical Elements 2.2.2Larger Molecules 2.2.3Required Practical - Food Testing 2.2.4Enzymes 2.2.5Rate of Enzyme Action 2.2.6Investigating Effect of pH on Amylase 2.2.7Grade 9 - Enzymes

2.3

Nutrition

3

Organism Functions

3.1

Respiration

3.1.1Respiration 3.1.2Aerobic and Anaerobic 3.1.3Investigating Respiration 3.1.4End of Topic Test - Respiration

3.2

Gas Exchange

3.2.1Guard Cells & Stomata 3.2.2States of Stomata 3.2.3Plant Gas Exchange 3.2.4Human Thorax 3.2.5Breathing Process 3.2.6Gas Exchange in Lungs 3.2.7Exchange Surfaces 3.2.8Alveoli 3.2.9Breath Composition 3.2.10Exercise and Breathing 3.2.11Smoking

3.3

Transport

3.4

Excretion

3.4.1Excretion 3.4.2Kidneys 3.4.3Urine Production 3.4.4Urinary System 3.4.5Nephron 3.4.6Water in Urine

3.5

Coordination & Response

4

Reproduction & Inheritance

4.1

Reproduction

4.1.1Asexual Reproduction 4.1.2Sexual Reproduction 4.1.3Gamete vs Zygote 4.1.4Plant Reproduction 4.1.5Flower Anatomy 4.1.6Germination 4.1.7Pollination 4.1.8Pollination Methods 4.1.9Male Reproductive System 4.1.10Female Reproductive System 4.1.11Pregnancy 4.1.12Exam-Style Questions - Sexual Reproduction

4.2

Genetics

4.2.1Cell Division 4.2.2Meiosis 4.2.3Genome 4.2.4Genome Diagram 4.2.5DNA 4.2.6RNA 4.2.7Protein Synthesis 4.2.8Synthesis Process 4.2.9End of Topic Test - Reproduction & Genetics

4.3

Variation

4.3.1Alleles 4.3.2Phenotype 4.3.3Monohybrid Inheritance 4.3.4Punnett Square 4.3.5Sex Determination 4.3.6Codominance 4.3.7Cystic Fibrosis Punnett Square 4.3.8Cystic Fibrosis Pedigree Diagram 4.3.9Variation 4.3.10Mutations 4.3.11Natural Selection 4.3.12Evolution 4.3.13Resistant Bacteria 4.3.14End of Topic Test - Variation 4.3.15Grade 9 - Evolution 4.3.16Exam-Style Questions - Cystic Fibrosis

5

Ecology

6

Biological Resources

6.1

Food Production

6.1.1Intensive Farming - Crop Yield 6.1.2Intensive Farming - Ion Deficiency 6.1.3Intensive Farming - Pest Control 6.1.4Intensive Farming - Fish Farming 6.1.5Microorganisms in Food 6.1.6Factors Affecting Microorganism Growth 6.1.7Industrial Fermentation 6.1.8Selective Breeding 6.1.9Selective Breeding Process 6.1.10Uses of Selective Breeding 6.1.11Exam-Style Questions - Selective Breeding

6.2

Genetic Engineering

6.2.1Genetic Engineering 6.2.2Uses of Genetic Engineering 6.2.3Producing Human Proteins in Bacteria 6.2.4Tissue Culture 6.2.5Uses of Tissue Culture 6.2.6Artificial Animal Cloning 6.2.7Exam-Style Questions - Mitosis & Cloning

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Viruses

Tissues