2.3.12

Vitamins and Minerals

Test yourself on Vitamins and Minerals

After reading these notes, test your knowledge with free interactive questions on Seneca — used by over 10 million students.

Vitamins and Minerals

A ‘balanced diet’ is one where all the nutritional requirements of the body are met, and includes the following vitamins and minerals:

Vitamin C

Vitamin C

  • Vitamin C is important for making collagen (an important protein in blood vessels and skin), and for repairing bones and teeth.
  • Vitamin C is found in citrus fruits (e.g. lemons and oranges) and blackcurrants.
Vitamin D

Vitamin D

  • Vitamin D is needed for absorbing calcium and phosphorous, which is important for keeping bones healthy.
  • Vitamin D is found in oily fish and egg yolks.
Iron

Iron

  • Iron is needed to make haemoglobin, which carries oxygen around the body in red blood cells.
  • Iron is found in red meats, liver and nuts.
Calcium

Calcium

  • Calcium is important for growing bones and teeth.
  • Calcium is found in dairy (e.g. milk) and green vegetables (e.g. broccoli).
Vitamin A

Vitamin A

  • Vitamin A is important for keeping the immune system healthy and for vision in dim light.
  • Vitamin A is found in liver and in yellow/orange fruits and vegetables like carrots and apricots.
Jump to other topics
1

The Nature & Variety of Living Organisms

1.1

Characteristics of Living Organisms

1.1.1MRS GRENC1.1.2M.R.S.1.1.3G.R.E.N.C.
1.2

Variety of Living Organisms

1.2.1Types of Cells1.2.2Properties of Prokaryotes1.2.3Structure of Eukaryotic Cells1.2.4Organisms: Animals & Plants1.2.5Other Kingdoms1.2.6Pathogens1.2.7Viruses
2

Structure & Functions in Living Organisms

2.1

Organisation Structure

2.1.1Cells2.1.2Tissues2.1.3Organs2.1.4Organ Systems2.1.5Organisms2.1.6Animal cells2.1.7Plant cells2.1.8Cell Differentiation2.1.9Stem Cells2.1.10Uses of Stem Cells2.1.11Disadvantages of Stem Cells2.1.12End of Topic Test - Cell Types & Structures2.1.13Exam-Style Questions - Cells2.1.14Diffusion2.1.15Factors affecting Diffusion2.1.16Surface Area to Volume Ratio2.1.17Diffusion - Experiment2.1.18Osmosis2.1.19Required Practical - Osmosis2.1.20Active Transport2.1.21Transport in Cells2.1.22End of Topic Test - Cell Transport2.1.23Grade 9 - Cell Transport2.1.24Exam-Style Questions - Substance Exchange
2.2

Biological Molecules

2.2.1Chemical Elements2.2.2Larger Molecules2.2.3Required Practical - Food Testing2.2.4Enzymes2.2.5Rate of Enzyme Action2.2.6Investigating Effect of pH on Amylase2.2.7Grade 9 - Enzymes
2.3

Nutrition

2.3.1Photosynthesis2.3.2Photosynthesis Equation2.3.3Factors affecting Rate of Photosynthesis2.3.4Photosynthesis - Calculations2.3.5Investigating Photosynthesis2.3.6Testing Leaves for Starch2.3.7Grade 9 - Photosynthesis Experiment2.3.8Exam-Style Questions - Rate of Photosynthesis2.3.9Leaf Adaptations2.3.10Ion Deficiencies2.3.11Human Diet2.3.12Vitamins and Minerals2.3.13Dietary Needs2.3.14Human Digestive System2.3.15Peristalsis2.3.16Villi2.3.17Digestive Enzymes2.3.18Amylase2.3.19Protease2.3.20Lipase2.3.21Bile2.3.22End of Topic Test - Enzymes & Nutririon2.3.23Exam-Style Questions - Enzymes & Digestion
3

Organism Functions

3.1

Respiration

3.1.1Respiration3.1.2Aerobic and Anaerobic3.1.3Investigating Respiration3.1.4End of Topic Test - Respiration
3.2

Gas Exchange

3.2.1Guard Cells & Stomata3.2.2States of Stomata3.2.3Plant Gas Exchange3.2.4Human Thorax3.2.5Breathing Process3.2.6Gas Exchange in Lungs3.2.7Exchange Surfaces3.2.8Alveoli3.2.9Breath Composition3.2.10Exercise and Breathing3.2.11Smoking
3.3

Transport

3.3.1Surface Area to Volume Ratio3.3.2Exchange Surfaces3.3.3Examples of Exchange Surfaces3.3.4Root Hair Cells3.3.5Transpiration3.3.6Rate of Transpiration3.3.7Measuring Transpiration3.3.8Xylem3.3.9Translocation3.3.10Blood Components3.3.11Plasma3.3.12Red Blood Cell3.3.13Platelets3.3.14The Immune System3.3.15Antibodies3.3.16Vaccination3.3.17Types of Blood Vessel3.3.18Blood Vessels - Arteries3.3.19Blood Vessels - Veins3.3.20Blood Vessels - Capillaries3.3.21Function of the Heart3.3.22Structure of the Heart3.3.23Heart Rate3.3.24Heart Disease3.3.25Double Circulatory System3.3.26Important Blood Vessels3.3.27End of Topic - Transport3.3.28Exam-Style Questions - The Heart
3.4

Excretion

3.4.1Excretion3.4.2Kidneys3.4.3Urine Production3.4.4Urinary System3.4.5Nephron3.4.6Water in Urine
3.5

Coordination & Response

3.5.1Homeostasis3.5.2Regulating Internal Conditions3.5.3Coordinated Responses3.5.4Types of Tropisms3.5.5Auxin and Phototropism3.5.6Nervous System3.5.7Synapses3.5.8Reflex Actions3.5.9Reflex Arc3.5.10Sense Organs3.5.11The Eye3.5.12Eye - Focusing3.5.13Eye - Adapting to Light3.5.14Thermoregulation3.5.15Sweating and Shivering3.5.16Thermoregulation - Blood Vessels3.5.17Exam-Style Questions - Homeostasis3.5.18Endocrine Glands3.5.19Hormones3.5.20Nervous vs Endocrine3.5.21Adrenaline3.5.22Glucose3.5.23Puberty3.5.24Menstruation3.5.25Menstrual Cycle3.5.26Menstrual Hormones3.5.27Grade 9 - Hormonal Coordination3.5.28End of Topic Test - Coordination & Response
4

Reproduction & Inheritance

4.1

Reproduction

4.1.1Asexual Reproduction4.1.2Sexual Reproduction4.1.3Gamete vs Zygote4.1.4Plant Reproduction4.1.5Flower Anatomy4.1.6Germination4.1.7Pollination4.1.8Pollination Methods4.1.9Male Reproductive System4.1.10Female Reproductive System4.1.11Pregnancy4.1.12Exam-Style Questions - Sexual Reproduction
4.2

Genetics

4.2.1Cell Division4.2.2Meiosis4.2.3Genome4.2.4Genome Diagram4.2.5DNA4.2.6RNA4.2.7Protein Synthesis4.2.8Synthesis Process4.2.9End of Topic Test - Reproduction & Genetics
4.3

Variation

4.3.1Alleles4.3.2Phenotype4.3.3Monohybrid Inheritance4.3.4Punnett Square4.3.5Sex Determination4.3.6Codominance4.3.7Cystic Fibrosis Punnett Square4.3.8Cystic Fibrosis Pedigree Diagram4.3.9Variation4.3.10Mutations4.3.11Natural Selection4.3.12Evolution4.3.13Resistant Bacteria4.3.14End of Topic Test - Variation4.3.15Grade 9 - Evolution4.3.16Exam-Style Questions - Cystic Fibrosis
5

Ecology

5.1

Ecosystems

5.1.1Ecosystems5.1.2Resources5.1.3Interdependence5.1.4Growth Factors5.1.5Assessing Ecosystems5.1.6Quadrats5.1.7Required Practical5.1.8Exam-Style Questions - Sampling5.1.9Energy Flow5.1.10Food Chains5.1.11Trophic Levels5.1.12Decomposers5.1.13Pyramids of Biomass5.1.14Transfer of Biomass5.1.15Reasons for Wastage5.1.16End of Topic Test - Food and Trophic Levels5.1.17Recycling Materials5.1.18Carbon Cycle5.1.19Exam-Style Questions - Carbon Cycle5.1.20Nitrogen Cycle5.1.21The Nitrogen Cycle and Microorganisms5.1.22End of Topic Test - Ecosystems5.1.23Grade 9 - Ecosystems
5.2

Human Impacts

5.2.1Waste Management5.2.2Eutrophication5.2.3Air Pollution5.2.4Deforestation5.2.5The Greenhouse Effect5.2.6Greenhouse Gases5.2.7Global Warming5.2.8End of Topic Test - Human Impacts5.2.9Exam-Style Questions - Air Pollution
6

Biological Resources

6.1

Food Production

6.1.1Intensive Farming - Crop Yield6.1.2Intensive Farming - Ion Deficiency6.1.3Intensive Farming - Pest Control6.1.4Intensive Farming - Fish Farming6.1.5Microorganisms in Food6.1.6Factors Affecting Microorganism Growth6.1.7Industrial Fermentation6.1.8Selective Breeding6.1.9Selective Breeding Process6.1.10Uses of Selective Breeding6.1.11Exam-Style Questions - Selective Breeding
6.2

Genetic Engineering

6.2.1Genetic Engineering6.2.2Uses of Genetic Engineering6.2.3Producing Human Proteins in Bacteria6.2.4Tissue Culture6.2.5Uses of Tissue Culture6.2.6Artificial Animal Cloning6.2.7Exam-Style Questions - Mitosis & Cloning

Practice questions on Vitamins and Minerals

Can you answer these? Test yourself with free interactive practice on Seneca — used by over 10 million students.

  1. 1
    In which foods are these vitamins found?True / false
  2. 2
    A nutritionist is recommending fruits that are high in Vitamin C. Which fruit would be most suitable for improving Vitamin C intake?Multiple choice
  3. 3
    A doctor is advising a patient on dietary sources of Vitamin D. Which food should the patient increase to boost Vitamin D levels?Multiple choice
  4. 4
    During a biology class, students are learning about the role of minerals in the body. How does iron contribute to overall health?Multiple choice
  5. 5
    A teenager is focusing on bone growth and health. Which mineral is essential and abundant in dairy products to support this?Multiple choice
Answer all questions on Vitamins and Minerals

Unlock your full potential with Seneca Premium

  • Unlimited access to 10,000+ open-ended exam questions

  • Mini-mock exams based on your study history

  • Unlock 800+ premium courses & e-books

Get started with Seneca Premium

Human Diet

Dietary Needs