3.5.18
Endocrine Glands
Endocrine Glands
Endocrine Glands
The endocrine system coordinates the body’s response to changes in the environment using chemical messengers (hormones). Hormones are released by glands into the bloodstream, where they travel to target organs. There are lots of different endocrine glands:
Pituitary gland
Pituitary gland
- This is the main endocrine gland or "master gland".
- It is found in the brain and is linked to the hypothalamus (part of the brain that receives signals from receptors).
- The pituitary gland releases hormones in response to changes detected by the hypothalamus.
- Lots of these hormones trigger other glands to release more hormones.
- The pituitary gland releases ADH (anti-diuretic hormone) which acts on the kidneys to control water reabsorption from the urine.
- Two female sex hormones, FSH and LH are released by the pituitary gland.
Adrenal glands
Adrenal glands
- The two adrenal glands are situated above each kidney.
- They produce adrenaline, which triggers the ‘fight or flight’ response when an organism is presented with a dangerous situation.
Pancreas
Pancreas
- The pancreas produces insulin and glucagon, both of which are involved in regulating blood glucose levels.
Ovaries (female only)
Ovaries (female only)
- The ovaries produce oestrogen, which controls puberty and is one of the main hormones in the regulation of the menstrual cycle.
- It also releases progesterone, another female sex hormone.
Testes (male only)
Testes (male only)
- The testes produce testosterone, which controls puberty and sperm production.
1The Nature & Variety of Living Organisms
1.1Characteristics of Living Organisms
2Structure & Functions in Living Organisms
2.1Organisation Structure
2.1.1Cells
2.1.2Tissues
2.1.3Organs
2.1.4Organ Systems
2.1.5Organisms
2.1.6Animal cells
2.1.7Plant cells
2.1.8Cell Differentiation
2.1.9Stem Cells
2.1.10Uses of Stem Cells
2.1.11Disadvantages of Stem Cells
2.1.12End of Topic Test - Cell Types & Structures
2.1.13Exam-Style Questions - Cells
2.1.14Diffusion
2.1.15Factors affecting Diffusion
2.1.16Surface Area to Volume Ratio
2.1.17Diffusion - Experiment
2.1.18Osmosis
2.1.19Required Practical - Osmosis
2.1.20Active Transport
2.1.21Transport in Cells
2.1.22End of Topic Test - Cell Transport
2.1.23Grade 9 - Cell Transport
2.1.24Exam-Style Questions - Substance Exchange
2.2Biological Molecules
2.3Nutrition
2.3.1Photosynthesis
2.3.2Photosynthesis Equation
2.3.3Factors affecting Rate of Photosynthesis
2.3.4Photosynthesis - Calculations
2.3.5Investigating Photosynthesis
2.3.6Testing Leaves for Starch
2.3.7Grade 9 - Photosynthesis Experiment
2.3.8Exam-Style Questions - Rate of Photosynthesis
2.3.9Leaf Adaptations
2.3.10Ion Deficiencies
2.3.11Human Diet
2.3.12Vitamins and Minerals
2.3.13Dietary Needs
2.3.14Human Digestive System
2.3.15Peristalsis
2.3.16Villi
2.3.17Digestive Enzymes
2.3.18Amylase
2.3.19Protease
2.3.20Lipase
2.3.21Bile
2.3.22End of Topic Test - Enzymes & Nutririon
2.3.23Exam-Style Questions - Enzymes & Digestion
3Organism Functions
3.1Respiration
3.2Gas Exchange
3.3Transport
3.3.1Surface Area to Volume Ratio
3.3.2Exchange Surfaces
3.3.3Examples of Exchange Surfaces
3.3.4Root Hair Cells
3.3.5Transpiration
3.3.6Rate of Transpiration
3.3.7Measuring Transpiration
3.3.8Xylem
3.3.9Translocation
3.3.10Blood Components
3.3.11Plasma
3.3.12Red Blood Cell
3.3.13Platelets
3.3.14The Immune System
3.3.15Antibodies
3.3.16Vaccination
3.3.17Types of Blood Vessel
3.3.18Blood Vessels - Arteries
3.3.19Blood Vessels - Veins
3.3.20Blood Vessels - Capillaries
3.3.21Function of the Heart
3.3.22Structure of the Heart
3.3.23Heart Rate
3.3.24Heart Disease
3.3.25Double Circulatory System
3.3.26Important Blood Vessels
3.3.27End of Topic - Transport
3.3.28Exam-Style Questions - The Heart
3.4Excretion
3.5Coordination & Response
3.5.1Homeostasis
3.5.2Regulating Internal Conditions
3.5.3Coordinated Responses
3.5.4Types of Tropisms
3.5.5Auxin and Phototropism
3.5.6Nervous System
3.5.7Synapses
3.5.8Reflex Actions
3.5.9Reflex Arc
3.5.10Sense Organs
3.5.11The Eye
3.5.12Eye - Focusing
3.5.13Eye - Adapting to Light
3.5.14Thermoregulation
3.5.15Sweating and Shivering
3.5.16Thermoregulation - Blood Vessels
3.5.17Exam-Style Questions - Homeostasis
3.5.18Endocrine Glands
3.5.19Hormones
3.5.20Nervous vs Endocrine
3.5.21Adrenaline
3.5.22Glucose
3.5.23Puberty
3.5.24Menstruation
3.5.25Menstrual Cycle
3.5.26Menstrual Hormones
3.5.27Grade 9 - Hormonal Coordination
3.5.28End of Topic Test - Coordination & Response
4Reproduction & Inheritance
4.1Reproduction
4.2Genetics
4.3Variation
4.3.1Alleles
4.3.2Phenotype
4.3.3Monohybrid Inheritance
4.3.4Punnett Square
4.3.5Sex Determination
4.3.6Codominance
4.3.7Cystic Fibrosis Punnett Square
4.3.8Cystic Fibrosis Pedigree Diagram
4.3.9Variation
4.3.10Mutations
4.3.11Natural Selection
4.3.12Evolution
4.3.13Resistant Bacteria
4.3.14End of Topic Test - Variation
4.3.15Grade 9 - Evolution
4.3.16Exam-Style Questions - Cystic Fibrosis
5Ecology
5.1Ecosystems
5.1.1Ecosystems
5.1.2Resources
5.1.3Interdependence
5.1.4Growth Factors
5.1.5Assessing Ecosystems
5.1.6Quadrats
5.1.7Required Practical
5.1.8Exam-Style Questions - Sampling
5.1.9Energy Flow
5.1.10Food Chains
5.1.11Trophic Levels
5.1.12Decomposers
5.1.13Pyramids of Biomass
5.1.14Transfer of Biomass
5.1.15Reasons for Wastage
5.1.16End of Topic Test - Food and Trophic Levels
5.1.17Recycling Materials
5.1.18Carbon Cycle
5.1.19Exam-Style Questions - Carbon Cycle
5.1.20Nitrogen Cycle
5.1.21The Nitrogen Cycle and Microorganisms
5.1.22End of Topic Test - Ecosystems
5.1.23Grade 9 - Ecosystems
6Biological Resources
6.1Food Production
6.1.1Intensive Farming - Crop Yield
6.1.2Intensive Farming - Ion Deficiency
6.1.3Intensive Farming - Pest Control
6.1.4Intensive Farming - Fish Farming
6.1.5Microorganisms in Food
6.1.6Factors Affecting Microorganism Growth
6.1.7Industrial Fermentation
6.1.8Selective Breeding
6.1.9Selective Breeding Process
6.1.10Uses of Selective Breeding
6.1.11Exam-Style Questions - Selective Breeding
Jump to other topics
1The Nature & Variety of Living Organisms
1.1Characteristics of Living Organisms
2Structure & Functions in Living Organisms
2.1Organisation Structure
2.1.1Cells
2.1.2Tissues
2.1.3Organs
2.1.4Organ Systems
2.1.5Organisms
2.1.6Animal cells
2.1.7Plant cells
2.1.8Cell Differentiation
2.1.9Stem Cells
2.1.10Uses of Stem Cells
2.1.11Disadvantages of Stem Cells
2.1.12End of Topic Test - Cell Types & Structures
2.1.13Exam-Style Questions - Cells
2.1.14Diffusion
2.1.15Factors affecting Diffusion
2.1.16Surface Area to Volume Ratio
2.1.17Diffusion - Experiment
2.1.18Osmosis
2.1.19Required Practical - Osmosis
2.1.20Active Transport
2.1.21Transport in Cells
2.1.22End of Topic Test - Cell Transport
2.1.23Grade 9 - Cell Transport
2.1.24Exam-Style Questions - Substance Exchange
2.2Biological Molecules
2.3Nutrition
2.3.1Photosynthesis
2.3.2Photosynthesis Equation
2.3.3Factors affecting Rate of Photosynthesis
2.3.4Photosynthesis - Calculations
2.3.5Investigating Photosynthesis
2.3.6Testing Leaves for Starch
2.3.7Grade 9 - Photosynthesis Experiment
2.3.8Exam-Style Questions - Rate of Photosynthesis
2.3.9Leaf Adaptations
2.3.10Ion Deficiencies
2.3.11Human Diet
2.3.12Vitamins and Minerals
2.3.13Dietary Needs
2.3.14Human Digestive System
2.3.15Peristalsis
2.3.16Villi
2.3.17Digestive Enzymes
2.3.18Amylase
2.3.19Protease
2.3.20Lipase
2.3.21Bile
2.3.22End of Topic Test - Enzymes & Nutririon
2.3.23Exam-Style Questions - Enzymes & Digestion
3Organism Functions
3.1Respiration
3.2Gas Exchange
3.3Transport
3.3.1Surface Area to Volume Ratio
3.3.2Exchange Surfaces
3.3.3Examples of Exchange Surfaces
3.3.4Root Hair Cells
3.3.5Transpiration
3.3.6Rate of Transpiration
3.3.7Measuring Transpiration
3.3.8Xylem
3.3.9Translocation
3.3.10Blood Components
3.3.11Plasma
3.3.12Red Blood Cell
3.3.13Platelets
3.3.14The Immune System
3.3.15Antibodies
3.3.16Vaccination
3.3.17Types of Blood Vessel
3.3.18Blood Vessels - Arteries
3.3.19Blood Vessels - Veins
3.3.20Blood Vessels - Capillaries
3.3.21Function of the Heart
3.3.22Structure of the Heart
3.3.23Heart Rate
3.3.24Heart Disease
3.3.25Double Circulatory System
3.3.26Important Blood Vessels
3.3.27End of Topic - Transport
3.3.28Exam-Style Questions - The Heart
3.4Excretion
3.5Coordination & Response
3.5.1Homeostasis
3.5.2Regulating Internal Conditions
3.5.3Coordinated Responses
3.5.4Types of Tropisms
3.5.5Auxin and Phototropism
3.5.6Nervous System
3.5.7Synapses
3.5.8Reflex Actions
3.5.9Reflex Arc
3.5.10Sense Organs
3.5.11The Eye
3.5.12Eye - Focusing
3.5.13Eye - Adapting to Light
3.5.14Thermoregulation
3.5.15Sweating and Shivering
3.5.16Thermoregulation - Blood Vessels
3.5.17Exam-Style Questions - Homeostasis
3.5.18Endocrine Glands
3.5.19Hormones
3.5.20Nervous vs Endocrine
3.5.21Adrenaline
3.5.22Glucose
3.5.23Puberty
3.5.24Menstruation
3.5.25Menstrual Cycle
3.5.26Menstrual Hormones
3.5.27Grade 9 - Hormonal Coordination
3.5.28End of Topic Test - Coordination & Response
4Reproduction & Inheritance
4.1Reproduction
4.2Genetics
4.3Variation
4.3.1Alleles
4.3.2Phenotype
4.3.3Monohybrid Inheritance
4.3.4Punnett Square
4.3.5Sex Determination
4.3.6Codominance
4.3.7Cystic Fibrosis Punnett Square
4.3.8Cystic Fibrosis Pedigree Diagram
4.3.9Variation
4.3.10Mutations
4.3.11Natural Selection
4.3.12Evolution
4.3.13Resistant Bacteria
4.3.14End of Topic Test - Variation
4.3.15Grade 9 - Evolution
4.3.16Exam-Style Questions - Cystic Fibrosis
5Ecology
5.1Ecosystems
5.1.1Ecosystems
5.1.2Resources
5.1.3Interdependence
5.1.4Growth Factors
5.1.5Assessing Ecosystems
5.1.6Quadrats
5.1.7Required Practical
5.1.8Exam-Style Questions - Sampling
5.1.9Energy Flow
5.1.10Food Chains
5.1.11Trophic Levels
5.1.12Decomposers
5.1.13Pyramids of Biomass
5.1.14Transfer of Biomass
5.1.15Reasons for Wastage
5.1.16End of Topic Test - Food and Trophic Levels
5.1.17Recycling Materials
5.1.18Carbon Cycle
5.1.19Exam-Style Questions - Carbon Cycle
5.1.20Nitrogen Cycle
5.1.21The Nitrogen Cycle and Microorganisms
5.1.22End of Topic Test - Ecosystems
5.1.23Grade 9 - Ecosystems
6Biological Resources
6.1Food Production
6.1.1Intensive Farming - Crop Yield
6.1.2Intensive Farming - Ion Deficiency
6.1.3Intensive Farming - Pest Control
6.1.4Intensive Farming - Fish Farming
6.1.5Microorganisms in Food
6.1.6Factors Affecting Microorganism Growth
6.1.7Industrial Fermentation
6.1.8Selective Breeding
6.1.9Selective Breeding Process
6.1.10Uses of Selective Breeding
6.1.11Exam-Style Questions - Selective Breeding
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