Carbonates

Test yourself

Testing for Carbonate and Halides

There is a specific way to test for the presence of carbonates and halides.

Testing for carbonates

Carbonates are compounds containing CO₃²⁻ ions.
Carbonates react with dilute acids to form a salt, carbon dioxide, and water.
- E.g. calcium carbonate + hydrochloric acid → calcium chloride + carbon dioxide + water

Testing for carbonates cont.

As carbon dioxide is produced, we can use the standard carbon dioxide test to work out if an unknown substance is a carbonate.
- This test involves bubbling the gas through limewater. If the solution turns cloudy, the gas is carbon dioxide and the compound is a carbonate.

Testing for halides

Halides are compounds containing ions of halogen atoms.
There are two steps to halide testing:
- Add dilute nitric acid to an unknown solution.
  - This removes carbonate ions. These could disrupt test results by forming a precipitate with the silver ions added in the second step.
- Add silver nitrate to the same solution.
  - If halide ions are present, they will form a precipitate with the silver ions.

Testing for halides cont.

Ag⁺(aq) + Cl^-(aq) → AgCl(s)
- Silver chloride is white.
Ag⁺(aq) + Br^-(aq) → AgBr(s)
- Silver bromide is cream.
Ag⁺(aq) + I^-(aq) → AgI(s)
- Silver iodide is pale yellow.

1Atomic Structure

2Chemical Bonding

2.1Chemical Bonds

2.1.1Types of Bonds

2.1.2Ionic Bonds

2.1.3Ionic Compounds

2.1.4Covalent & Metallic Bonds

2.1.5Representing Covalent Bonds

2.1.6Dots-And-Cross Diagrams

2.1.7Exam-Style Questions - Chemical Bonds

2.2States of Matter

2.2.1States of Matter

2.2.2Changing State

2.2.3Changing State HyperLearning

2.2.4State Symbols

2.2.5Exam-Style Questions - States of Matter

2.3Chemical Properties

2.3.1Chemical Properties of Ionic Compounds

2.3.2Chemical Properties of Small Molecules

2.3.3Molecular Forces & Polymers

2.3.4Metals & Giant Covalent Structures

2.3.5Alloys & Conductors

2.3.6Carbon Structures - Diamond & Graphite

2.3.7Carbon Structures - Graphene & Fullerenes

2.3.8Carbon Structures - Summary

2.3.9Nanoparticles

2.3.10Nanotechnology

2.3.11Surface Area to Volume Ratio & Nanotechnology Uses

2.3.12End of Topic Test - Chemical Bonding

2.3.13Grade 9 - Bonding & Structure

2.3.14Exam-Style Questions - Allotropes of Carbon

3Quantitative Chemistry

4Chemical Changes

5Energy Changes

5.1Exothermic & Endothermic Reactions

5.1.1Energy Conservation

5.1.2Exothermic & Endothermic Reactions

5.1.3Reaction Profiles

5.1.4Reaction Profiles 2

5.2Chemical Cells & Fuel Cells

5.2.1Chemical Cells

5.2.2Batteries & Charging of Cells

5.2.3Fuel Cells

5.2.4Hydrogen Fuel Cell

5.2.5End of Topic Test - Energy Changes

5.2.6Grade 9 - Energy Changes

5.2.7Exam-Style Questions - Fuel Cells

6The Rate & Extent of Chemical Change

6.1Rate of Reaction

6.1.1Chemical Reactions

6.1.2Collision Theory

6.1.3Catalysts

6.1.4Catalysts in Industry

6.2Reversible Reactions

6.2.1Reversible Reactions

6.2.2Equilibrium

6.2.3Equilibrium Position

6.2.4Equilibrium Position 2

6.2.5End of Topic Test - Rates of Reaction

6.2.6Grade 9 - Rate & Extent of Chemical Change

6.2.7Exam-Style Questions - Reversible Reactions

7Organic Chemistry

8Chemical Analysis

8.1Purity, Formulations & Chromatography

8.1.1Purity & Formulations

8.1.2Chromatography

8.1.3Paper Chromatography 1

8.1.4Paper Chromatography 2

8.1.5Required Practical - Paper Chromatography

8.2Identification of Common Gases

8.2.1Identification of Hydrogen & Oxygen

8.2.2Identification of Carbon Dioxide & Chlorine

8.3Identifying Ions

8.3.1Flame Tests

8.3.2Required Practical: Flame Tests

8.3.3Metal Hydroxides

8.3.4Carbonates

8.3.5Halides, Sulfates

8.3.6Methodology for Chemical Analysis

8.3.7Flame Emission Spectroscopy

8.3.8End of Topic Test - Chemical Analysis

8.3.9Grade 9 - Chemical Analysis

8.3.10Exam-Style Questions - Identification of ions

9Chemistry of the Atmosphere

9.1The Earth's Atmosphere

9.1.1Proportions of Gases in the Atmosphere

9.1.2Oxygen & Carbon Dioxide in the Atmosphere

9.1.3Greenhouse Gases & Human Activities

9.1.4Greenhouse Gases & Human Activities

9.1.5Greenhouse Gases & Climate Change

9.1.6Carbon Footprints

9.1.7Common Atmospheric Pollutants & Their Properties

9.1.8End of Topic Test - The Earth

9.1.9Grade 9 - Chemistry of the Atmosphere

9.1.10Exam-Style Questions - Earth's Atmosphere

10Using Resources

10.1Using the Earth's Resources

10.1.1Potable Water & its Sources

10.1.2Potable Water in the UK & in Saudi Arabia

10.1.3Natural Resources

10.1.4Waste Water

10.1.5Metal Ore Extraction & the Properties of Copper

10.1.6Overexploitation & Alternative Extraction Methods

10.2Life Cycle Assessments & Recycling

10.2.1Life Cycle Assessments

10.2.2Difficulties with LCA

10.2.3Reducing Resource Usage

10.2.4Reducing Use of Metal and Glass

10.2.5Exam-Style Questions - Life Cycle Assessments

10.3Using Materials

10.3.1Corrosion

10.3.2Alloys

10.3.3Ceramics

10.3.4Polymers & Composites

10.4The Haber Process & NPK Fertilisers

10.4.1The Haber Process

10.4.2The Haber Process - Equation & Trade-Offs

10.4.3Formulated vs Manure Fertilisers

10.4.4NPK Fertilisers 1

10.4.5NPK Fertilisers 2

10.4.6End of Topic Test - Resources

10.4.7Grade 9 - Using Resources

10.4.8Exam-Style Questions - The Haber Process

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