10.4.1

The Haber Process

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Plants and Nitrogen

Plants provide humans with a crucial food source and remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere (using photosynthesis). In order to grow, plants need to make proteins, and this requires nitrogen.

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Plants can't absorb nitrogen gas

  • Although nitrogen gas is abundant in the atmosphere (there is lots of it), plants cannot use nitrogen in the air.
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Plants absorb nitrates

  • Instead, plants absorb soluble nitrates (nitrogen-containing compounds) from the soil.
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Harvesting crops removes nitrogen

  • Nitrates re-enter the soil when plants die.
  • But, harvesting crops takes this nitrogen out of the system.
  • So, farmers should manually add nitrogen back into the soil.

The Haber Process

By reacting nitrogen with hydrogen, the Haber process yields ammonia. Nitrogen-based fertilisers can be made from this ammonia. Farmers can then add the fertiliser back into the soil. The steps involved in the Haber process are:

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Pass over iron catalyst

  • Nitrogen and hydrogen are passed over an iron catalyst at a temperature of 450°C and a pressure of 200 atm. This results in the production of ammonia gas.
  • This reaction is reversible, so not all of the ammonia stays as ammonia - some will break back down to give the reactants, nitrogen and hydrogen.
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Condensation

  • The ammonia gas cools down in a condenser. The ammonia is removed from the condenser once it has become a liquid.
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Recycling

  • We can recycle any unused hydrogen and nitrogen back into the process to create more ammonia. This means that waste of valuable reactants can be avoided!

Jump to other topics

1Atomic Structure

2Chemical Bonding

3Quantitative Chemistry

4Chemical Changes

5Energy Changes

6The Rate & Extent of Chemical Change

7Organic Chemistry

8Chemical Analysis

9Chemistry of the Atmosphere

10Using Resources

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