10.1.2
Potable Water in the UK & in Saudi Arabia
Potable Water in the UK
Potable Water in the UK
There are different methods for producing potable water. Which method is chosen depends on what water is available and the local conditions.
Rainfall levels in the UK
Rainfall levels in the UK
- In the United Kingdom, levels of rainfall are quite high.
- Rain water is a type of fresh water, meaning that it contains low concentrations of dissolved substances.
Collecting fresh water
Collecting fresh water
- Step 1 in potable water production in the UK is collecting fresh water from a source that is not near to heavily polluted areas.
Treating water
Treating water
- Once collected, the water is put through a 2-step treatment process:
- Filtration: particles of solid are filtered out by passing the water through a wire mesh.
- Sterilisation: harmful microbes are killed by bubbling chlorine gas through the water.
Potable Water in Saudi Arabia
Potable Water in Saudi Arabia
There are many methods for producing potable water. In Saudi Arabia, the conditions are very different to the UK and so a different method is used.
Seawater
Seawater
- Rainfall levels are low, and so supplies of fresh water can't be relied upon.
- Seawater is used as an alternative to fresh water.
Treating seawater
Treating seawater
- Seawater must be desalinated (have the salt removed) to make it potable. There are 2 desalination methods:
- Distillation: boiling seawater creates steam, which then condenses to give pure water.
- Reverse osmosis: a selective membrane only allows water molecules to pass through. This results in larger molecules being separated out of the water.
Cost of treating seawater
Cost of treating seawater
- The major disadvantage of both desalination methods is that their high energy demands mean that costs are high.
1Atomic Structure
1.1Atoms & Elements
1.1.1Elements & Compounds
1.1.2Chemical Reactions & Equations
1.1.3Mixtures
1.1.4Separating Mixtures
1.1.5Model of the Atom
1.1.6Atom Size & Number
1.1.7Atomic Number - Calculations
1.1.8Isotopes
1.1.9Isotopes HyperLearning
1.1.10Isotopes - Calculations
1.1.11Relative Atomic Mass
1.1.12Electron Structure
1.1.13Periodic Table
1.1.14Metals & Non-Metals
1.1.15Noble Gases
1.1.16Halogens
1.1.17Alkali Metals
1.1.18Transition Metals
1.1.19End of Topic Test - Atomic Structure
1.1.20Grade 9 - Atoms & Elements
1.1.21Exam-Style Questions - Atomic Structure
1.1.22Application Questions - Atomic Structure
2Chemical Bonding
2.1Chemical Bonds
2.2States of Matter
2.3Chemical Properties
2.3.1Chemical Properties of Ionic Compounds
2.3.2Chemical Properties of Small Molecules
2.3.3Molecular Forces & Polymers
2.3.4Metals & Giant Covalent Structures
2.3.5Alloys & Conductors
2.3.6Carbon Structures - Diamond & Graphite
2.3.7Carbon Structures - Graphene & Fullerenes
2.3.8Carbon Structures - Summary
2.3.9Nanoparticles
2.3.10Nanotechnology
2.3.11Surface Area to Volume Ratio & Nanotechnology Uses
2.3.12End of Topic Test - Chemical Bonding
2.3.13Grade 9 - Bonding & Structure
2.3.14Exam-Style Questions - Allotropes of Carbon
3Quantitative Chemistry
3.1Chemical Measurements
3.1.1Conservation of Mass
3.1.2Relative Formula Mass
3.1.3Relative Formula Mass - Calculations
3.1.4Measuring Mass
3.1.5Equations & Formula
3.1.6Moles 1
3.1.7Moles 2
3.1.8Moles 3
3.1.9Moles - Calculations
3.1.10Percentage Yield
3.1.11Percentage Yield - Calculations
3.1.12Moles & Yield
3.1.13Atom Economy
3.1.14Atom Economy - Calculations
3.1.15Concentrations & Amounts
3.1.16Amount of Substance in Relation to Volumes and Gas
3.1.17Concentrations & Amounts - Calculations
3.1.18Empirical Formula - Calculations
3.1.19End of Topic Test - Quant Chemistry
3.1.20Grade 9 - Quantitative Chemistry
3.1.21Exam-Style Questions - Moles
4Chemical Changes
4.1Acids, Alkalis & Redox Reactions
4.2Reactivity of Metals
4.3Reactions of Acids
5Energy Changes
5.1Exothermic & Endothermic Reactions
6The Rate & Extent of Chemical Change
6.1Rate of Reaction
7Organic Chemistry
7.1Carbon Compounds
7.2Alkenes & Alcohols
7.2.1Structure of Alkenes
7.2.2Reactions of Alkenes
7.2.3End of Topic Test - Alkanes & Alkenes
7.2.4Alcohols
7.2.5Reactions of Alcohols
7.2.6Carboxylic Acids
7.2.7Reactions of Carboxylic Acids
7.2.8Addition Polymers
7.2.9Condensation Polymers
7.2.10Naturally Occurring Polymers - Proteins
7.2.11Naturally Occurring Polymers - DNA & Sugars
7.2.12End of Topic Test - Alcohols, Acids & Polymers
7.2.13Grade 9 - Organic Chemistry
7.2.14Exam-Style Questions - Alcohols
8Chemical Analysis
8.1Purity, Formulations & Chromatography
8.2Identification of Common Gases
8.3Identifying Ions
8.3.1Flame Tests
8.3.2Required Practical: Flame Tests
8.3.3Metal Hydroxides
8.3.4Carbonates
8.3.5Halides, Sulfates
8.3.6Methodology for Chemical Analysis
8.3.7Flame Emission Spectroscopy
8.3.8End of Topic Test - Chemical Analysis
8.3.9Grade 9 - Chemical Analysis
8.3.10Exam-Style Questions - Identification of ions
9Chemistry of the Atmosphere
9.1The Earth's Atmosphere
9.1.1Proportions of Gases in the Atmosphere
9.1.2Oxygen & Carbon Dioxide in the Atmosphere
9.1.3Greenhouse Gases & Human Activities
9.1.4Greenhouse Gases & Human Activities
9.1.5Greenhouse Gases & Climate Change
9.1.6Carbon Footprints
9.1.7Common Atmospheric Pollutants & Their Properties
9.1.8End of Topic Test - The Earth
9.1.9Grade 9 - Chemistry of the Atmosphere
9.1.10Exam-Style Questions - Earth's Atmosphere
10Using Resources
10.1Using the Earth's Resources
10.2Life Cycle Assessments & Recycling
10.3Using Materials
10.4The Haber Process & NPK Fertilisers
Jump to other topics
1Atomic Structure
1.1Atoms & Elements
1.1.1Elements & Compounds
1.1.2Chemical Reactions & Equations
1.1.3Mixtures
1.1.4Separating Mixtures
1.1.5Model of the Atom
1.1.6Atom Size & Number
1.1.7Atomic Number - Calculations
1.1.8Isotopes
1.1.9Isotopes HyperLearning
1.1.10Isotopes - Calculations
1.1.11Relative Atomic Mass
1.1.12Electron Structure
1.1.13Periodic Table
1.1.14Metals & Non-Metals
1.1.15Noble Gases
1.1.16Halogens
1.1.17Alkali Metals
1.1.18Transition Metals
1.1.19End of Topic Test - Atomic Structure
1.1.20Grade 9 - Atoms & Elements
1.1.21Exam-Style Questions - Atomic Structure
1.1.22Application Questions - Atomic Structure
2Chemical Bonding
2.1Chemical Bonds
2.2States of Matter
2.3Chemical Properties
2.3.1Chemical Properties of Ionic Compounds
2.3.2Chemical Properties of Small Molecules
2.3.3Molecular Forces & Polymers
2.3.4Metals & Giant Covalent Structures
2.3.5Alloys & Conductors
2.3.6Carbon Structures - Diamond & Graphite
2.3.7Carbon Structures - Graphene & Fullerenes
2.3.8Carbon Structures - Summary
2.3.9Nanoparticles
2.3.10Nanotechnology
2.3.11Surface Area to Volume Ratio & Nanotechnology Uses
2.3.12End of Topic Test - Chemical Bonding
2.3.13Grade 9 - Bonding & Structure
2.3.14Exam-Style Questions - Allotropes of Carbon
3Quantitative Chemistry
3.1Chemical Measurements
3.1.1Conservation of Mass
3.1.2Relative Formula Mass
3.1.3Relative Formula Mass - Calculations
3.1.4Measuring Mass
3.1.5Equations & Formula
3.1.6Moles 1
3.1.7Moles 2
3.1.8Moles 3
3.1.9Moles - Calculations
3.1.10Percentage Yield
3.1.11Percentage Yield - Calculations
3.1.12Moles & Yield
3.1.13Atom Economy
3.1.14Atom Economy - Calculations
3.1.15Concentrations & Amounts
3.1.16Amount of Substance in Relation to Volumes and Gas
3.1.17Concentrations & Amounts - Calculations
3.1.18Empirical Formula - Calculations
3.1.19End of Topic Test - Quant Chemistry
3.1.20Grade 9 - Quantitative Chemistry
3.1.21Exam-Style Questions - Moles
4Chemical Changes
4.1Acids, Alkalis & Redox Reactions
4.2Reactivity of Metals
4.3Reactions of Acids
5Energy Changes
5.1Exothermic & Endothermic Reactions
6The Rate & Extent of Chemical Change
6.1Rate of Reaction
7Organic Chemistry
7.1Carbon Compounds
7.2Alkenes & Alcohols
7.2.1Structure of Alkenes
7.2.2Reactions of Alkenes
7.2.3End of Topic Test - Alkanes & Alkenes
7.2.4Alcohols
7.2.5Reactions of Alcohols
7.2.6Carboxylic Acids
7.2.7Reactions of Carboxylic Acids
7.2.8Addition Polymers
7.2.9Condensation Polymers
7.2.10Naturally Occurring Polymers - Proteins
7.2.11Naturally Occurring Polymers - DNA & Sugars
7.2.12End of Topic Test - Alcohols, Acids & Polymers
7.2.13Grade 9 - Organic Chemistry
7.2.14Exam-Style Questions - Alcohols
8Chemical Analysis
8.1Purity, Formulations & Chromatography
8.2Identification of Common Gases
8.3Identifying Ions
8.3.1Flame Tests
8.3.2Required Practical: Flame Tests
8.3.3Metal Hydroxides
8.3.4Carbonates
8.3.5Halides, Sulfates
8.3.6Methodology for Chemical Analysis
8.3.7Flame Emission Spectroscopy
8.3.8End of Topic Test - Chemical Analysis
8.3.9Grade 9 - Chemical Analysis
8.3.10Exam-Style Questions - Identification of ions
9Chemistry of the Atmosphere
9.1The Earth's Atmosphere
9.1.1Proportions of Gases in the Atmosphere
9.1.2Oxygen & Carbon Dioxide in the Atmosphere
9.1.3Greenhouse Gases & Human Activities
9.1.4Greenhouse Gases & Human Activities
9.1.5Greenhouse Gases & Climate Change
9.1.6Carbon Footprints
9.1.7Common Atmospheric Pollutants & Their Properties
9.1.8End of Topic Test - The Earth
9.1.9Grade 9 - Chemistry of the Atmosphere
9.1.10Exam-Style Questions - Earth's Atmosphere
10Using Resources
10.1Using the Earth's Resources
10.2Life Cycle Assessments & Recycling
10.3Using Materials
10.4The Haber Process & NPK Fertilisers
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