Metal Hydroxides

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Metal Hydroxides - Calcium, Magnesium and Aluminium

Metal ions can be found in aqueous solutions of metal compounds. These ions can precipitate out of solution when they react with a sodium hydroxide solution (NaOH). This produces insoluble solids (don't dissolve in water) called precipitates.

Calcium hydroxide

Calcium ions (Ca²⁺) form the white precipitate calcium hydroxide.
- Ca²⁺(aq) + 2OH^-(aq) → Ca(OH)₂(s)

Magnesium hydroxide

Magnesium ions (Mg²⁺) form the white precipitate magnesium hydroxide.
- Mg²⁺(aq) + 2OH^-(aq) → Mg(OH)₂(s)

Aluminium hydroxide

Aluminium ions (Al³⁺) form the white precipitate aluminium hydroxide.
- Al³⁺(aq) + 3OH^-(aq) → Al(OH)₃(s)
Unlike the other two white precipitates, aluminium hydroxide can be dissolved in excess NaOH. This produces a colourless solution.

Atomic Structure

1.1

Atoms & Elements

1.1.1Elements & Compounds 1.1.2Chemical Formula 1.1.3Chemical Reactions 1.1.4Chemical Equations 1.1.5Mixtures 1.1.6Separating Mixtures 1.1.7Separating Mixtures 2 1.1.8Model of the Atom 1.1.9Sub-Atomic Particles 1.1.10Atom Size 1.1.11Atomic Number 1.1.12Atomic Number - Calculations 1.1.13Isotopes 1.1.14Isotopes HyperLearning 1.1.15Isotopes - Calculations 1.1.16Relative Atomic Mass 1.1.17Electron Structure 1.1.18Periodic Table 1.1.19The History of the Periodic Table 1.1.20Metals & Non-Metals 1.1.21Noble Gases 1.1.22Displacement Reaction 1.1.23Halogens 1.1.24Alkali Metals 1.1.25Alkali Metals - Properties 1.1.26Transition Metals 1.1.27Transition Metals - Special Properties 1.1.28End of Topic Test - Atomic Structure 1.1.29Grade 9 - Atoms & Elements 1.1.30Exam-Style Questions - Atomic Structure 1.1.31Application Questions - Atomic Structure 1.1.32Diagnostic Misconceptions - Balancing Equations 1.1.33Diagnostic Misconceptions - Isotopes

Chemical Bonding

2.1

Chemical Bonds

2.1.1Types of Bonds 2.1.2Ions 2.1.3Ionic Bonds 2.1.4Ionic Compounds 2.1.5Empirical Formulae 2.1.6Covalent Bonds 2.1.7Metallic Bonds 2.1.8Covalent Bond Examples 2.1.9Representing Covalent Bonds 2.1.10Dots-And-Cross Diagrams 2.1.11Dots-And-Cross Diagrams 2 2.1.12Exam-Style Questions - Chemical Bonds

2.2

States of Matter

2.2.1States of Matter 2.2.2Simple Sphere 2.2.3Changing State 2.2.4Changing State 2 2.2.5Changing State HyperLearning 2.2.6State Symbols 2.2.7Exam-Style Questions - States of Matter 2.2.8Diagnostic Misconceptions - Particles

2.3

Chemical Properties

2.3.1Ionic Compounds 2.3.2Chemical Properties of Ionic Compounds 2.3.3Small Molecules 2.3.4Chemical Properties of Small Molecules 2.3.5Molecular Forces - Polymers 2.3.6Molecular Forces - Polypropene 2.3.7Giant Covalent Structures 2.3.8Metals 2.3.9Alloys 2.3.10Conductors 2.3.11Carbon Structures - Diamond 2.3.12Carbon Structures - Graphite 2.3.13Carbon Structures - Graphene 2.3.14Carbon Structures - Fullerenes 2.3.15Carbon Structures - Summary 2.3.16Clumps 2.3.17Nanoparticles 2.3.18Nanotechnology 2.3.19Nanotechnology 2 2.3.20Surface Area to Volume Ratio 2.3.21Nanotechnology Uses 2.3.22End of Topic Test - Chemical Bonding 2.3.23Grade 9 - Bonding & Structure 2.3.24Exam-Style Questions - Allotropes of Carbon 2.3.25Diagnostic Misconceptions - Conducting Electricity 2.3.26Diagnostic Misconceptions - Small Molecules 2.3.27Diagnostic Misconceptions - Drawing Polymers

Quantitative Chemistry

3.1

Chemical Measurements

3.1.1Conservation of Mass 3.1.2Relative Formula Mass 3.1.3Calculating Relative Formula Mass 3.1.4Relative Formula Mass - Calculations 3.1.5Changing Mass 3.1.6Measuring Mass 3.1.7Equations 3.1.8Empirical Formula 3.1.9Introducing Moles 3.1.10Relative Formula Mass 3.1.11Amounts of Substance 3.1.12Moles to Balance Equations 3.1.13Limiting Reactants 3.1.14Concentration of Solutions 3.1.15Moles - Calculations 3.1.16Percentage Yield 3.1.17Calculating Yield 3.1.18Percentage Yield - Calculations 3.1.19Moles & Yield 3.1.20Moles & Yield 2 3.1.21Atom Economy 3.1.22Reaction Pathway 3.1.23Atom Economy - Calculations 3.1.24Concentrations of Solute 3.1.25Calculating the Amount of Solute 3.1.26Amount of Substance in Relation to Volumes and Gas 3.1.27Concentrations & Amounts - Calculations 3.1.28Empirical Formula - Calculations 3.1.29End of Topic Test - Quant Chemistry 3.1.30Grade 9 - Quantitative Chemistry 3.1.31Exam-Style Questions - Moles 3.1.32Diagnostic Misconceptions - Calculating RFM 3.1.33Diagnostic Misconceptions - Moles

Chemical Changes

4.1

Acids, Alkalis & Redox Reactions

4.1.1Acids & Alkalis 4.1.2Redox Reactions - Oxidation 4.1.3Redox Reactions - Metal Oxide

4.2

Reactivity of Metals

4.2.1Reactivity Diagram 4.2.2Displacement Reactions 4.2.3Displacement Reactions - Halogens 4.2.4Reactions with Water 4.2.5Reactions with Acid 4.2.6Reactivity Tests 4.2.7Reactivity Tests 2 4.2.8Extraction of Metals 4.2.9Exam-Style Questions - Displacement Reactions

4.3

Reactions of Acids

4.3.1Reactions of Metals with Acids 4.3.2Redox Reactions 4.3.3Neutralisation of Acids 4.3.4Soluble Salts 4.3.5Required Practical: Separating Mixtures 4.3.6The pH Scale 4.3.7Numerical pH Scale 4.3.8Measuring pH 4.3.9Neutralisation & Titrations 4.3.10Neutralisation & Titrations 2 4.3.11Neutralisation & Titrations 3 4.3.12Neutralisation & Titrations 4 4.3.13Strong and Weak Acids 4.3.14Required Practical: Titration

4.4

Electrolysis

4.4.1Electrolysis Process 4.4.2Molten Ionic Compound 4.4.3Metal Extraction 4.4.4Electrolysis of Aqueous Solutions 4.4.5Required Practical: Electrolysis 4.4.6Half Equations 4.4.7End of Topic Test - Chemical Changes 4.4.8Grade 9 - Chemical Changes 4.4.9Exam-Style Questions - Electrolysis

Energy Changes

5.1

Exothermic & Endothermic Reactions

5.1.1Energy Conservation 5.1.2Exothermic Reactions 5.1.3Endothermic Reactions 5.1.4Required Practical: Temperature Changes 5.1.5Reaction Profiles Requirements 5.1.6Reaction Profiles 5.1.7Reaction Profiles - Catalysed vs Uncatalysed 5.1.8Reaction Profiles - Chemical Bonds 5.1.9Diagnostic Misconceptions - Source of Energy

5.2

Chemical Cells & Fuel Cells

5.2.1Chemical Cells 5.2.2Changing Voltage Output 5.2.3Batteries 5.2.4Charging of Cells 5.2.5Fuel Cells 5.2.6Hydrogen Fuel Cell 5.2.7Hydrogen as an Alternative 5.2.8End of Topic Test - Energy Changes 5.2.9Grade 9 - Energy Changes 5.2.10Exam-Style Questions - Fuel Cells

The Rate & Extent of Chemical Change

Organic Chemistry

7.1

Carbon Compounds

7.1.1Crude Oil 7.1.2Properties of Hydrocarbons 7.1.3Alkanes 7.1.4Smallest Alkanes 7.1.5Fractional Distillation 7.1.6Process of Fractional Distillation 7.1.7Homologous Series 7.1.8Burning Hydrocarbons 7.1.9Heavy Fractions of Crude Oil 7.1.10Cracking 7.1.11Uses of Alkenes 7.1.12Exam-Style Questions - Organic Compounds

7.2

Alkenes & Alcohols

Chemical Analysis

Chemistry of the Atmosphere

9.1

The Earth's Atmosphere

9.1.1Proportions of Gases in the Atmosphere 9.1.2The Earth's Early Atmosphere 9.1.3Oxygen in the Atmosphere 9.1.4Carbon Dioxide in the Atmosphere 9.1.5Greenhouse Gases 9.1.6Greenhouse Gases & Human Activities 9.1.7Greenhouse Gases & Climate 9.1.8Climate Change 9.1.9Carbon Footprints 9.1.10Carbon Footprints Barriers 9.1.11Common Atmospheric Pollutants 9.1.12Properties of Atmospheric Pollutants 9.1.13End of Topic Test - The Earth 9.1.14Grade 9 - Chemistry of the Atmosphere 9.1.15Exam-Style Questions - Earth's Atmosphere 9.1.16Diagnostic Misconceptions - Greenhouse Effect

Using Resources

10.1

Using the Earth's Resources

10.1.1Potable Water 10.1.2Potable Water Sources 10.1.3Potable Water in the UK 10.1.4Potable Water in Saudi Arabia 10.1.5Required Practical: Analysing and Purifying Water 10.1.6Natural Resources 10.1.7Uses of Natural Resources 10.1.8Waste Water 10.1.9Sewage Treatment 10.1.10Metal Ore Extraction 10.1.11Properties of Copper 10.1.12Overexploitation of Extraction Methods 10.1.13Alternative Extraction Methods

10.2

Life Cycle Assessments & Recycling

10.2.1Life Cycle Assessments 10.2.2Comparative Life Cycle Assessments 10.2.3Difficulties with LCA 10.2.4Reducing Resource Usage 10.2.5Reducing Use of Glass 10.2.6Reducing Use of Metal 10.2.7Exam-Style Questions - Life Cycle Assessments

10.3

Using Materials

10.3.1Corrosion 10.3.2Preventing Corrosion 10.3.3Alloys 10.3.4Ceramics 10.3.5Polymers 10.3.6Composites

10.4

The Haber Process & NPK Fertilisers

10.4.1Plants and Nitrogen 10.4.2The Haber Process 10.4.3The Haber Process - Equation 10.4.4The Haber Process - Trade-Offs 10.4.5Importance of Fertilisers 10.4.6Formulated vs Manure Fertilisers 10.4.7NPK Fertilisers - N-containing Compound 10.4.8NPK Fertilisers - P-containing Compound 10.4.9NPK Fertilisers - K-containing Compound 10.4.10Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium 10.4.11End of Topic Test - Resources 10.4.12Grade 9 - Using Resources 10.4.13Exam-Style Questions - The Haber Process

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