Genetic Engineering

Genetic engineering involves modifying (changing) an organism’s genome by introducing a gene from another organism to produce a desired characteristic. Examples of this are:

Insulin-producing gene

The gene that produces insulin can be inserted into bacteria. Those bacteria can then mass-produce insulin to treat people with diabetes.

Vitamin A rice

A lack of vitamin A can lead to blindness.
A lot of communities that were lacking in vitamin A were found to use rice as the core of their diet.
Therefore, a gene that produced vitamin A was taken from bacteria and added to rice, producing rice (golden rice) that was rich in Vitamin A.

1Cell Biology

1.1What's in Cells?

1.1.1Types of Cells

1.1.2Properties of Prokaryotes

1.1.3Standard Form

1.1.4Orders of Magnitude

1.1.5Standard Form - Calculations

1.1.6Addition in Standard Form - Calculations

1.1.7Subtraction in Standard Form - Calculations

1.1.8Multiplication in Standard Form - Calculations

1.1.9Division in Standard Form - Calculations

1.1.10Animal Cells

1.1.11Plant Cells

1.1.12Differences Between Animal & Plant Cells

1.1.13Bacterial Cells

1.1.14Types of Cells HyperLearning

1.1.15Cell Specialisation in Animals

1.1.16Sperm Cells

1.1.17Nerve Cells

1.1.18Muscle Cells

1.1.19Cell Specialisation in Plants - Root Hair Cells

1.1.20Cell Specialisation in Plants - Xylem

1.1.21Cell Specialisation in Plants - Phloem

1.1.22Microscopy

1.1.23Magnification

1.1.24Developments in Microscopy

1.1.25Required Practical - Microscopy

1.1.26Microscopy - Calculations

1.1.27Culturing Microorganisms

1.1.28Contamination

1.1.29Avoiding Contamination

1.1.30Calculating Bacteria

1.1.31Calculating Bacteria - Calculations

1.1.32End of Topic Test - What's in Cells?

1.1.33Exam-Style Questions - Cell Structure & Microscopy

1.2Cell Division

1.2.1Chromosomes

1.2.2The Cell Cycle

1.2.3Mitosis

1.2.4Exam-Style Questions - Mitosis & Cell Cycle

1.2.5Stem Cells

1.2.6Use of Stem Cells

1.2.7Disadvantages of Stem Cells

1.3Transport in Cells

1.3.1Diffusion

1.3.2Factors Affecting Diffusion

1.3.3Surface Area : Volume

1.3.4Surface Area : Volume - Calculations

1.3.5Exchange Surfaces

1.3.6Examples of Exchange Surfaces

1.3.7Osmosis

1.3.8Required Practical - Osmosis

1.3.9Active Transport

1.3.10Transport in Cells

1.3.11End of Topic Test - Cell Division & Transport

1.3.12Grade 9 - Cell Transport

2Organisation

2.1Principles of Organisation

2.1.1Cells & Tissues

2.1.2Organs

2.1.3Organ Systems

2.1.4Organisms

2.2Enzymes

2.2.1Enzymes

2.2.2Enzymes HyperFlashcards

2.2.3Rate of Reaction

2.2.4Calculating Rate of Reaction

2.2.5Rate of Reaction - Calculations

2.2.6Digestion

2.2.7Bile

2.2.8Examples of Digestive Enzymes - Amylase

2.2.9Examples of Digestive Enzymes - Protease

2.2.10Examples of Digestive Enzymes - Lipase

2.2.11Testing for Biological Molecules

2.2.12End of Topic Test - Organisation & Enzymes

2.2.13Grade 9 - Enzymes

2.2.14Exam-Style Questions - Enzymes

2.3Circulatory System

2.3.1Types of Blood Vessel

2.3.2Blood Vessels - Arteries

2.3.3Blood Vessels - Capillaries

2.3.4Blood Vessels - Veins

2.3.5The Heart - Structure

2.3.6The Heart - Function

2.3.7Important Blood Vessels

2.3.8Double Circulatory System

2.3.9Gas Exchange

2.3.10Gas Exchange - Calculations

2.3.11Alveoli

2.3.12Blood Components

2.3.13Platelets

2.3.14Red Blood Cells

2.3.15White Blood Cells

2.3.16End of Topic Test - Circulatory System

2.4Non-Communicable Diseases

2.4.1Health Issues

2.4.2Disease Interactions

2.4.3Sampling

2.4.4Sampling - Calculations

2.4.5Risk Factors

2.4.6Examples of Risk Factors

2.4.7Risk Factor Graphs

2.4.8Coronary Heart Disease

2.4.9Heart Valve Disease

2.4.10Heart Failure

2.4.11Treating Heart Disease

2.4.12Comparing Treatments of Heart Disease

2.4.13Cancer

2.4.14Cancer Risk Factors

2.4.15End of Topic Test - Non-Communicable Diseases

2.4.16Exam-Style Questions - Coronary Heart Disease

2.5Plant Tissues, Organs & Systems

2.5.1Plant Organs

2.5.2Leaves

2.5.3Transpiration

2.5.4Rate of Transpiration

2.5.5Measuring Transpiration

2.5.6Translocation

2.5.7Transpiration Tissues - Xylem Cells

2.5.8Transpiration Tissues - Root Hair Cells

2.5.9Stomata

2.5.10States of Stomata

2.5.11Premium Knowledge - Transpiration

2.5.12End of Topic Test - Plants

2.5.13Exam-Style Questions - Plant Tissues

3Infection & Response

3.1Communicable Disease

3.2Monoclonal Antibodies

3.2.1Monoclonal Antibodies

3.2.2Producing Monoclonal Antibodies

3.2.3Uses of Monoclonal Antibodies

3.2.4Grade 9 - Monoclonal Antibodies

3.3Plant Diseases

3.3.1Plant Diseases

3.3.2Ion Deficiencies in Plants

3.3.3Plant Defences

3.3.4Signs of Plant Disease

3.3.5Identifying Disease

3.3.6End of Topic Test - Antibodies & Plant Disease

4Bioenergetics

5Homeostasis & Response

5.1Homeostasis

5.1.1Homeostasis

5.1.2Regulating Internal Conditions

5.1.3Homeostasis & Negative Feedback

5.1.4The Body's Negative Feedback Loop

5.1.5Exam-Style Questions - Exercise & Homeostasis

5.2The Human Nervous System

5.3Hormonal Coordination in Humans

5.3.1Endocrine Glands

5.3.2The Endocrine System

5.3.3Thyroxine

5.3.4Adrenaline

5.3.5Blood Glucose

5.3.6Detecting Glucose

5.3.7Diabetes

5.3.8Type 1 Diabetes

5.3.9Type 2 Diabetes

5.3.10Water Balance

5.3.11Kidneys

5.3.12Urea

5.3.13Urine Production

5.3.14Urine

5.3.15Dialysis

5.3.16Dialysis - Pros & Cons

5.3.17Transplants

5.3.18Transplants - Pros & Cons

5.3.19Puberty

5.3.20Menstruation

5.3.21Menstrual Hormones

5.3.22Menstrual Cycle

5.3.23Female Contraception - The Pill

5.3.24Female Contraception - Other Options

5.3.25Female Contraception - Diaphragm & IUDs

5.3.26Male Contraception - Condoms

5.3.27Male Contraception - Sterilisation

5.3.28Male Contraception - 'Natural Methods'

5.3.29Hormones for Infertility

5.3.30In Vitro Fertilisation

5.3.31Fertility Treatments - Pros & Cons

5.3.32End of Topic Test - Homeostasis & Hormones

5.3.33Grade 9 - Hormonal Coordination

5.3.34Exam-Style Questions - Hormones & Contraception

5.4Plant Hormones

5.4.1Plant Hormones

5.4.2Types of Tropisms

5.4.3Auxins and Tropisms

5.4.4Required Practical - Plant Hormones

5.4.5Uses of Plant Hormones

5.4.6End of Topic Test - Hormones

6Inheritance, Variation & Evolution

6.1Reproduction

6.2Variation & Evolution

6.2.1Variation

6.2.2Evolution & Speciation

6.2.3Natural Selection

6.2.4Selective Breeding

6.2.5Selective Breeding 2

6.2.6Uses of Selective Breeding

6.2.7Dangers of Selective Breeding

6.2.8Genetic Engineering

6.2.9Genetic Engineering 2

6.2.10Uses of Genetic Modification

6.2.11Advantages of Genetic Modification

6.2.12Disadvantages of Genetic Modification

6.2.13Cloning

6.2.14Cloning Plants

6.2.15Cloning Animals

6.2.16Adult Cell Cloning

6.2.17End of Topic Test - Variation & Evolution

6.2.18Exam-Style Questions - Selective Breeding

6.3Genetics & Evolution

6.3.1Natural Selection

6.3.2Controversy Around Natural Selection

6.3.3Darwin's Theory of Evolution

6.3.4Inheritance Theory

6.3.5Speciation

6.3.6Alfred Russel Wallace

6.3.7Evidence for Evolution

6.3.8Fossils

6.3.9Resistant Bacteria

6.3.10Genetics

6.3.11Extinctions

6.3.12Grade 9 - Evolution

6.4Classification

6.4.1Classification of Living Organisms

6.4.2Traditional System

6.4.3Classification of Living Organisms: Updated System

6.4.4Evolutionary Trees

6.4.5End of Topic Test - Genetics & Classification

7Ecology

7.1Adaptations & Interdependence

7.1.1Communities: Ecosystems

7.1.2Communities: Resources

7.1.3Species Interdependence

7.1.4Stable Communities

7.2Organisation of Ecosystems

7.2.1Population Dynamics

7.2.2Predator-Prey Graphs

7.2.3Impact of Environmental Change

7.2.4Causes of Environmental Change

7.2.5Assessing Ecosystems

7.2.6Organism Abundance

7.2.7Required Practical - Using Quadrats

7.2.8Assessing Ecosystems - Calculations

7.2.9The Carbon Cycle

7.2.10The Water Cycle

7.2.11The Cycling of Materials

7.2.12Decay

7.2.13Anaerobic Decay

7.2.14Biogas Generators

7.2.15Required Practical - Decay

7.2.16End of Topic Test - Organisation of Ecosystems

7.2.17Grade 9 - Ecosystems

7.2.18Exam-Style Questions - Decomposition

7.3Biodiversity

7.3.1Humans & Biodiversity

7.3.2Waste Management

7.3.3Human Activities

7.3.4Land Use

7.3.5Deforestation

7.3.6Carbon Dioxide

7.3.7The Greenhouse Effect

7.3.8Global Warming

7.3.9Maintaining Biodiversity

7.3.10End of Topic Test - Adaptations & Biodiversity

7.4Trophic Levels

7.4.1Trophic Levels

7.4.2Trophic Levels: Food Chains

7.4.3Trophic Levels: Decomposers

7.4.4Pyramids of Biomass

7.4.5Transfer Efficiency

7.4.6Reasons for Energy Wastage

7.4.7Transfer Efficiency - Calculations

7.4.8Premium Knowledge - Trophic Levels & Food Chains

7.4.9Exam-Style Questions - Food Chains

7.5Food Production

7.5.1Food Security

7.5.2Food Production: Biotechnology

7.5.3Declining Fish Stock

7.5.4Sustainable Fishing

7.5.5Farming

7.5.6Food Production - Calculations

7.5.7End of Topic Test - Food & Trophic Levels

Jump to other topics