3.2.3
Uses of Monoclonal Antibodies
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Uses of Monoclonal Antibodies
Monoclonal antibodies can be used in different ways. However, they may cause side effects such as fevers, low blood pressure and vomiting when used to treat patients. Because of these side effects, monoclonal antibodies are used less commonly than people first expected.
Pregnancy tests
- Pregnant women produce a hormone called HCG.
- Monoclonal antibodies can be used in pregnancy tests to bind (attach) to the HCG hormone’s antigens.
- If the urine contains HCG, the antibodies bind and this shows that the person is pregnant.
- If the urine does not contain HCG, then the antibodies will not bind to the HCG, showing a negative result.
Identifying chemicals in the blood
- Since monoclonal antibodies are specific to one antigen, they can be designed (created) to identify (find) specific chemicals in the blood.
- For example, they can:
- Identify particular molecules in a tissue or cell by binding to them with a fluorescent dye. Areas in the body with lots of these molecules can be highlighted using the dye.
- Identify the levels of hormones in the blood.
- Be used to test blood samples for pathogens, such as HIV.
Treating diseases
- Monoclonal antibodies can be produced to bind (attach) to target cells in the body, e.g. cancer cells.
- We can attach anti-cancer drugs to the monoclonal antibodies. When they bind to the cancer cells, they can deliver the drugs directly to the tumours.
- This is an effective cancer treatment because the antibodies cannot bind to or damage any normal human body cells (because normal cells will not have the complementary antigens).
1Cell Biology
1.1What's in Cells?
1.1.1Types of Cells1.1.2Properties of Prokaryotes1.1.3Orders of Magnitude1.1.4Standard Form1.1.5Standard Form - Calculations1.1.6Addition in Standard Form - Calculations1.1.7Subtraction in Standard Form - Calculations1.1.8Multiplication in Standard Form - Calculations1.1.9Division in Standard Form - Calculations1.1.10Animal Cells1.1.11Plant Cells1.1.12Differentiation in Plants & Animals1.1.13Bacterial Cells1.1.14Types of Cells HyperLearning1.1.15Cell Specialisation in Animals1.1.16Sperm Cells1.1.17Nerve Cells1.1.18Muscle Cells1.1.19Cell Specialisation in Plants - Root Hair Cells1.1.20Cell Specialisation in Plants - Xylem1.1.21Cell Specialisation in Plants - Phloem1.1.22Microscopy1.1.23Magnification1.1.24Developments in Microscopy1.1.25Required Practical - Microscopy1.1.26Microscopy - Calculations1.1.27Culturing Microorganisms1.1.28Contamination1.1.29Avoiding Contamination1.1.30Calculating Bacteria1.1.31Calculating Bacteria - Calculations1.1.32Required Practical - Bacteria1.1.33Exam-Style Questions - Cell Structure & Microscopy1.1.34Diagnostic Misconceptions - Converting1.1.35Diagnostic Misconceptions - Animal Cells1.1.36Diagnostic Misconceptions - Mitochondria1.1.37End of Topic Test - What's in Cells?
1.2Cell Division
1.3Transport in Cells
1.3.1Diffusion1.3.2Factors Affecting Diffusion1.3.3Surface Area : Volume1.3.4Surface Area : Volume - Calculations1.3.5Exchange Surfaces1.3.6Examples of Exchange Surfaces1.3.7Osmosis1.3.8Osmosis 21.3.9Required Practical - Osmosis in Plant Tissue1.3.10Active Transport1.3.11Transport in Cells1.3.12Grade 9 - Cell Transport1.3.13Diagnostic Misconceptions - Water Moving1.3.14Diagnostic Misconceptions - Active Transport1.3.15End of Topic Test - Cell Division & Transport
2Organisation
2.1Principles of Organisation
2.2Enzymes
2.2.1Enzymes2.2.2Enzymes HyperFlashcards2.2.3Rate of Reaction2.2.4Calculating Rate of Reaction2.2.5Rate of Reaction - Calculations2.2.6Digestion2.2.7Bile2.2.8Examples of Digestive Enzymes - Amylase2.2.9Examples of Digestive Enzymes - Protease2.2.10Examples of Digestive Enzymes - Lipase2.2.11Testing for Biological Molecules2.2.12Required Practical - Testing for Food Chemicals2.2.13Required Practical - Enzymes2.2.14Grade 9 - Enzymes2.2.15Exam-Style Questions - Enzymes2.2.16Diagnostic Misconceptions - High Temperatures2.2.17Diagnostic Misconceptions - Low Temperatures2.2.18Diagnostic Misconceptions - Stomach Acid2.2.19Diagnostic Misconceptions - Substrate Shape2.2.20End of Topic Test - Organisation & Enzymes
2.3Circulatory System
2.3.1Types of Blood Vessels2.3.2Blood Vessels - Arteries2.3.3Blood Vessels - Capillaries2.3.4Blood Vessels - Veins2.3.5The Heart - Structure2.3.6The Heart - Function2.3.7Important Blood Vessels2.3.8Double Circulatory System2.3.9Gas Exchange2.3.10Gas Exchange - Calculations2.3.11Alveoli2.3.12Blood Components2.3.13Platelets2.3.14Red Blood Cells2.3.15White Blood Cells2.3.16End of Topic Test - Circulatory System
2.4Non-Communicable Diseases
2.4.1Health Issues2.4.2Disease Interactions2.4.3Sampling2.4.4Sampling - Calculations2.4.5Risk Factors2.4.6Examples of Risk Factors2.4.7Risk Factor Graphs2.4.8Coronary Heart Disease2.4.9Heart Valve Disease2.4.10Heart Failure2.4.11Treating Heart Disease2.4.12Comparing Treatments of Heart Disease2.4.13Cancer2.4.14Cancer Risk Factors2.4.15End of Topic Test - Non-Communicable Diseases2.4.16Exam-Style Questions - Coronary Heart Disease
2.5Plant Tissues, Organs & Systems
2.5.1Plant Organs2.5.2Leaves2.5.3Transpiration2.5.4Rate of Transpiration2.5.5Measuring Transpiration2.5.6Translocation2.5.7Transpiration Tissues - Xylem Cells2.5.8Transpiration Tissues - Root Hair Cells2.5.9Stomata2.5.10States of Stomata2.5.11Premium Knowledge - Transpiration2.5.12End of Topic Test - Plants2.5.13Exam-Style Questions - Plant Tissues2.5.14Diagnostic Misconceptions - Plant Food2.5.15Diagnostic Misconceptions - Plants & Water2.5.16Diagnostic Misconceptions - Plants Don't Breathe
3Infection & Response
3.1Communicable Disease
3.1.1Spreading Disease3.1.2Causing Diseases3.1.3Preventing Infection3.1.4Communicable Disease - Viruses3.1.5Examples of Viruses3.1.6Communicable Disease - Bacteria3.1.7Communicable Disease - Fungi3.1.8Communicable Disease - Protists3.1.9Human Defence Systems - Non-Specific Defences3.1.10Human Defence Systems - Immune Systems3.1.11Antibodies3.1.12Vaccinations3.1.13The Immune System3.1.14The Immune System 23.1.15Antibiotics3.1.16Antibiotic Resistance3.1.17Antibiotic Resistance 23.1.18Drug Discovery3.1.19Developing New Drugs3.1.20Drug Testing3.1.21Drug Testing in Laboratories3.1.22Double-Blind Trials3.1.23Drug Testing / Efficacy - Calculations3.1.24End of Topic Test - Communicable Diseases3.1.25Exam-Style Questions - Microorganisms & Disease3.1.26Diagnostic Misconceptions - Antibiotics
3.2Monoclonal Antibodies
4Bioenergetics
4.1Photosynthesis
4.1.1Photosynthesis4.1.2Photosynthesis Equation4.1.3Rate of Photosynthesis4.1.4Limiting Factors4.1.5Photosynthesis in Farming4.1.6Uses of Glucose4.1.7Photosynthesis - Calculations4.1.8Required Practical - Light Intensity4.1.9Grade 9 - Photosynthesis Experiment4.1.10Exam-Style Questions - Rate of Photosynthesis4.1.11Diagnostic Misconceptions - Photosynthesis4.1.12Diagnostic Misconceptions - Plants Respiration
5Homeostasis & Response
5.1Homeostasis
5.2The Human Nervous System
5.2.1The Nervous System5.2.2The Nervous System HyperFlashcards5.2.3Synapses5.2.4Reflexes5.2.5Components of a Reflex Arc5.2.6Required Practical - Human Reaction Times5.2.7The Brain5.2.8Parts of the Brain5.2.9The Brain: Neuro Techniques5.2.10Retina Scanning5.2.11Eye Anatomy5.2.12Eye Function - Focus5.2.13Eye Function - Light5.2.14Eye Defects5.2.15Thermoregulation5.2.16Hot & Cold5.2.17Thermoregulation - Sweating & Shivering5.2.18Thermoregulation - Body Hair5.2.19Thermoregulation - Blood Vessels5.2.20Body Temperature HyperLearning5.2.21End of Topic Test - Human Nervous System5.2.22Exam-Style Questions - Nervous System5.2.23Diagnostic Misconceptions - Nervous System
5.3Hormonal Coordination in Humans
5.3.1Endocrine Glands5.3.2The Endocrine System5.3.3Thyroxine5.3.4Adrenaline5.3.5Blood Glucose5.3.6Detecting Glucose5.3.7Diabetes5.3.8Type 1 Diabetes5.3.9Type 2 Diabetes5.3.10Water Balance5.3.11Kidneys5.3.12Urea5.3.13Urine Production5.3.14Urine5.3.15Dialysis5.3.16Dialysis - Pros & Cons5.3.17Transplants5.3.18Transplants - Pros & Cons5.3.19Puberty5.3.20Menstruation5.3.21Menstrual Hormones5.3.22Menstrual Cycle5.3.23Contraception - 'Natural Methods'5.3.24Contraception - Sterilisation5.3.25Contraception - Condoms5.3.26Contraception - The Pill5.3.27Contraception - Diaphragm & IUDs5.3.28Contraception - Other Options5.3.29Hormones for Infertility5.3.30In Vitro Fertilisation5.3.31Fertility Treatments - Pros & Cons5.3.32End of Topic Test - Homeostasis & Hormones5.3.33Grade 9 - Hormonal Coordination5.3.34Exam-Style Questions - Hormones & Contraception
6Inheritance, Variation & Evolution
6.1Reproduction
6.1.1Cell Division6.1.2Meiosis6.1.3Sexual Reproduction6.1.4Asexual Reproduction6.1.5Sexual Reproduction Advantages6.1.6Asexual Reproduction Advantages6.1.7Genome6.1.8Genome - Diagram6.1.9Genome Sequencing6.1.10Nucleotide6.1.11DNA Structure6.1.12Protein Synthesis6.1.13Protein Synthesis 26.1.14Mutations6.1.15Alleles6.1.16Genotype vs Phenotype6.1.17Punnett Squares6.1.18Punnett Squares 26.1.19Inherited Disorders6.1.20Cystic Fibrosis Punnett Square6.1.21Family Trees6.1.22Polydactyly6.1.23Genetic Crosses - Calculations6.1.24Genome Screening6.1.25Disadvantages of Embryonic Screening6.1.26Sex Determination6.1.27End of Topic Test - Reproduction6.1.28Exam-Style Questions - DNA & Genetics6.1.29Diagnostic Misconceptions - Mutations6.1.30Diagnostic Misconceptions - Chromosomes6.1.31Diagnostic Misconceptions - Genes & Alleles
6.2Variation & Evolution
6.2.1Variation6.2.2Evolution & Speciation6.2.3Natural Selection6.2.4Selective Breeding6.2.5Selective Breeding 26.2.6Uses of Selective Breeding6.2.7Dangers of Selective Breeding6.2.8Genetic Engineering6.2.9Genetic Engineering 26.2.10Uses of Genetic Modification6.2.11Advantages of Genetic Modification6.2.12Disadvantages of Genetic Modification6.2.13Cloning6.2.14Cloning Plants6.2.15Cloning Animals6.2.16Adult Cell Cloning6.2.17End of Topic Test - Variation & Evolution6.2.18Exam-Style Questions - Selective Breeding
6.3Genetics & Evolution
6.3.1Natural Selection6.3.2Controversy Around Natural Selection6.3.3Darwin's Theory of Evolution6.3.4Inheritance Theory6.3.5Speciation6.3.6Alfred Russel Wallace6.3.7Evidence for Evolution6.3.8Fossils6.3.9Resistant Bacteria6.3.10Genetics6.3.11Extinctions6.3.12Grade 9 - Evolution6.3.13Diagnostic Misconceptions - Natural Selection
7Ecology
7.1Adaptations & Interdependence
7.2Organisation of Ecosystems
7.2.1Population Dynamics7.2.2Predator-Prey Graphs7.2.3Impact of Environmental Change7.2.4Causes of Environmental Change7.2.5Assessing Ecosystems7.2.6Organism Abundance7.2.7Required Practical - Population Size7.2.8Assessing Ecosystems - Calculations7.2.9The Carbon Cycle7.2.10The Water Cycle7.2.11The Cycling of Materials7.2.12Decay7.2.13Anaerobic Decay7.2.14Biogas Generators7.2.15Required Practical - Decay7.2.16End of Topic Test - Organisation of Ecosystems7.2.17Grade 9 - Ecosystems7.2.18Exam-Style Questions - Decomposition
7.3Biodiversity
7.4Trophic Levels
7.4.1Trophic Levels7.4.2Trophic Levels: Food Chains7.4.3Trophic Levels: Decomposers7.4.4Pyramids of Biomass7.4.5Transfer Efficiency7.4.6Reasons for Energy Wastage7.4.7Transfer Efficiency - Calculations7.4.8Premium Knowledge - Trophic Levels & Food Chains7.4.9Exam-Style Questions - Food Chains7.4.10Diagnostic Misconceptions - Arrows
Jump to other topics
1Cell Biology
1.1What's in Cells?
1.1.1Types of Cells1.1.2Properties of Prokaryotes1.1.3Orders of Magnitude1.1.4Standard Form1.1.5Standard Form - Calculations1.1.6Addition in Standard Form - Calculations1.1.7Subtraction in Standard Form - Calculations1.1.8Multiplication in Standard Form - Calculations1.1.9Division in Standard Form - Calculations1.1.10Animal Cells1.1.11Plant Cells1.1.12Differentiation in Plants & Animals1.1.13Bacterial Cells1.1.14Types of Cells HyperLearning1.1.15Cell Specialisation in Animals1.1.16Sperm Cells1.1.17Nerve Cells1.1.18Muscle Cells1.1.19Cell Specialisation in Plants - Root Hair Cells1.1.20Cell Specialisation in Plants - Xylem1.1.21Cell Specialisation in Plants - Phloem1.1.22Microscopy1.1.23Magnification1.1.24Developments in Microscopy1.1.25Required Practical - Microscopy1.1.26Microscopy - Calculations1.1.27Culturing Microorganisms1.1.28Contamination1.1.29Avoiding Contamination1.1.30Calculating Bacteria1.1.31Calculating Bacteria - Calculations1.1.32Required Practical - Bacteria1.1.33Exam-Style Questions - Cell Structure & Microscopy1.1.34Diagnostic Misconceptions - Converting1.1.35Diagnostic Misconceptions - Animal Cells1.1.36Diagnostic Misconceptions - Mitochondria1.1.37End of Topic Test - What's in Cells?
1.2Cell Division
1.3Transport in Cells
1.3.1Diffusion1.3.2Factors Affecting Diffusion1.3.3Surface Area : Volume1.3.4Surface Area : Volume - Calculations1.3.5Exchange Surfaces1.3.6Examples of Exchange Surfaces1.3.7Osmosis1.3.8Osmosis 21.3.9Required Practical - Osmosis in Plant Tissue1.3.10Active Transport1.3.11Transport in Cells1.3.12Grade 9 - Cell Transport1.3.13Diagnostic Misconceptions - Water Moving1.3.14Diagnostic Misconceptions - Active Transport1.3.15End of Topic Test - Cell Division & Transport
2Organisation
2.1Principles of Organisation
2.2Enzymes
2.2.1Enzymes2.2.2Enzymes HyperFlashcards2.2.3Rate of Reaction2.2.4Calculating Rate of Reaction2.2.5Rate of Reaction - Calculations2.2.6Digestion2.2.7Bile2.2.8Examples of Digestive Enzymes - Amylase2.2.9Examples of Digestive Enzymes - Protease2.2.10Examples of Digestive Enzymes - Lipase2.2.11Testing for Biological Molecules2.2.12Required Practical - Testing for Food Chemicals2.2.13Required Practical - Enzymes2.2.14Grade 9 - Enzymes2.2.15Exam-Style Questions - Enzymes2.2.16Diagnostic Misconceptions - High Temperatures2.2.17Diagnostic Misconceptions - Low Temperatures2.2.18Diagnostic Misconceptions - Stomach Acid2.2.19Diagnostic Misconceptions - Substrate Shape2.2.20End of Topic Test - Organisation & Enzymes
2.3Circulatory System
2.3.1Types of Blood Vessels2.3.2Blood Vessels - Arteries2.3.3Blood Vessels - Capillaries2.3.4Blood Vessels - Veins2.3.5The Heart - Structure2.3.6The Heart - Function2.3.7Important Blood Vessels2.3.8Double Circulatory System2.3.9Gas Exchange2.3.10Gas Exchange - Calculations2.3.11Alveoli2.3.12Blood Components2.3.13Platelets2.3.14Red Blood Cells2.3.15White Blood Cells2.3.16End of Topic Test - Circulatory System
2.4Non-Communicable Diseases
2.4.1Health Issues2.4.2Disease Interactions2.4.3Sampling2.4.4Sampling - Calculations2.4.5Risk Factors2.4.6Examples of Risk Factors2.4.7Risk Factor Graphs2.4.8Coronary Heart Disease2.4.9Heart Valve Disease2.4.10Heart Failure2.4.11Treating Heart Disease2.4.12Comparing Treatments of Heart Disease2.4.13Cancer2.4.14Cancer Risk Factors2.4.15End of Topic Test - Non-Communicable Diseases2.4.16Exam-Style Questions - Coronary Heart Disease
2.5Plant Tissues, Organs & Systems
2.5.1Plant Organs2.5.2Leaves2.5.3Transpiration2.5.4Rate of Transpiration2.5.5Measuring Transpiration2.5.6Translocation2.5.7Transpiration Tissues - Xylem Cells2.5.8Transpiration Tissues - Root Hair Cells2.5.9Stomata2.5.10States of Stomata2.5.11Premium Knowledge - Transpiration2.5.12End of Topic Test - Plants2.5.13Exam-Style Questions - Plant Tissues2.5.14Diagnostic Misconceptions - Plant Food2.5.15Diagnostic Misconceptions - Plants & Water2.5.16Diagnostic Misconceptions - Plants Don't Breathe
3Infection & Response
3.1Communicable Disease
3.1.1Spreading Disease3.1.2Causing Diseases3.1.3Preventing Infection3.1.4Communicable Disease - Viruses3.1.5Examples of Viruses3.1.6Communicable Disease - Bacteria3.1.7Communicable Disease - Fungi3.1.8Communicable Disease - Protists3.1.9Human Defence Systems - Non-Specific Defences3.1.10Human Defence Systems - Immune Systems3.1.11Antibodies3.1.12Vaccinations3.1.13The Immune System3.1.14The Immune System 23.1.15Antibiotics3.1.16Antibiotic Resistance3.1.17Antibiotic Resistance 23.1.18Drug Discovery3.1.19Developing New Drugs3.1.20Drug Testing3.1.21Drug Testing in Laboratories3.1.22Double-Blind Trials3.1.23Drug Testing / Efficacy - Calculations3.1.24End of Topic Test - Communicable Diseases3.1.25Exam-Style Questions - Microorganisms & Disease3.1.26Diagnostic Misconceptions - Antibiotics
3.2Monoclonal Antibodies
4Bioenergetics
4.1Photosynthesis
4.1.1Photosynthesis4.1.2Photosynthesis Equation4.1.3Rate of Photosynthesis4.1.4Limiting Factors4.1.5Photosynthesis in Farming4.1.6Uses of Glucose4.1.7Photosynthesis - Calculations4.1.8Required Practical - Light Intensity4.1.9Grade 9 - Photosynthesis Experiment4.1.10Exam-Style Questions - Rate of Photosynthesis4.1.11Diagnostic Misconceptions - Photosynthesis4.1.12Diagnostic Misconceptions - Plants Respiration
5Homeostasis & Response
5.1Homeostasis
5.2The Human Nervous System
5.2.1The Nervous System5.2.2The Nervous System HyperFlashcards5.2.3Synapses5.2.4Reflexes5.2.5Components of a Reflex Arc5.2.6Required Practical - Human Reaction Times5.2.7The Brain5.2.8Parts of the Brain5.2.9The Brain: Neuro Techniques5.2.10Retina Scanning5.2.11Eye Anatomy5.2.12Eye Function - Focus5.2.13Eye Function - Light5.2.14Eye Defects5.2.15Thermoregulation5.2.16Hot & Cold5.2.17Thermoregulation - Sweating & Shivering5.2.18Thermoregulation - Body Hair5.2.19Thermoregulation - Blood Vessels5.2.20Body Temperature HyperLearning5.2.21End of Topic Test - Human Nervous System5.2.22Exam-Style Questions - Nervous System5.2.23Diagnostic Misconceptions - Nervous System
5.3Hormonal Coordination in Humans
5.3.1Endocrine Glands5.3.2The Endocrine System5.3.3Thyroxine5.3.4Adrenaline5.3.5Blood Glucose5.3.6Detecting Glucose5.3.7Diabetes5.3.8Type 1 Diabetes5.3.9Type 2 Diabetes5.3.10Water Balance5.3.11Kidneys5.3.12Urea5.3.13Urine Production5.3.14Urine5.3.15Dialysis5.3.16Dialysis - Pros & Cons5.3.17Transplants5.3.18Transplants - Pros & Cons5.3.19Puberty5.3.20Menstruation5.3.21Menstrual Hormones5.3.22Menstrual Cycle5.3.23Contraception - 'Natural Methods'5.3.24Contraception - Sterilisation5.3.25Contraception - Condoms5.3.26Contraception - The Pill5.3.27Contraception - Diaphragm & IUDs5.3.28Contraception - Other Options5.3.29Hormones for Infertility5.3.30In Vitro Fertilisation5.3.31Fertility Treatments - Pros & Cons5.3.32End of Topic Test - Homeostasis & Hormones5.3.33Grade 9 - Hormonal Coordination5.3.34Exam-Style Questions - Hormones & Contraception
6Inheritance, Variation & Evolution
6.1Reproduction
6.1.1Cell Division6.1.2Meiosis6.1.3Sexual Reproduction6.1.4Asexual Reproduction6.1.5Sexual Reproduction Advantages6.1.6Asexual Reproduction Advantages6.1.7Genome6.1.8Genome - Diagram6.1.9Genome Sequencing6.1.10Nucleotide6.1.11DNA Structure6.1.12Protein Synthesis6.1.13Protein Synthesis 26.1.14Mutations6.1.15Alleles6.1.16Genotype vs Phenotype6.1.17Punnett Squares6.1.18Punnett Squares 26.1.19Inherited Disorders6.1.20Cystic Fibrosis Punnett Square6.1.21Family Trees6.1.22Polydactyly6.1.23Genetic Crosses - Calculations6.1.24Genome Screening6.1.25Disadvantages of Embryonic Screening6.1.26Sex Determination6.1.27End of Topic Test - Reproduction6.1.28Exam-Style Questions - DNA & Genetics6.1.29Diagnostic Misconceptions - Mutations6.1.30Diagnostic Misconceptions - Chromosomes6.1.31Diagnostic Misconceptions - Genes & Alleles
6.2Variation & Evolution
6.2.1Variation6.2.2Evolution & Speciation6.2.3Natural Selection6.2.4Selective Breeding6.2.5Selective Breeding 26.2.6Uses of Selective Breeding6.2.7Dangers of Selective Breeding6.2.8Genetic Engineering6.2.9Genetic Engineering 26.2.10Uses of Genetic Modification6.2.11Advantages of Genetic Modification6.2.12Disadvantages of Genetic Modification6.2.13Cloning6.2.14Cloning Plants6.2.15Cloning Animals6.2.16Adult Cell Cloning6.2.17End of Topic Test - Variation & Evolution6.2.18Exam-Style Questions - Selective Breeding
6.3Genetics & Evolution
6.3.1Natural Selection6.3.2Controversy Around Natural Selection6.3.3Darwin's Theory of Evolution6.3.4Inheritance Theory6.3.5Speciation6.3.6Alfred Russel Wallace6.3.7Evidence for Evolution6.3.8Fossils6.3.9Resistant Bacteria6.3.10Genetics6.3.11Extinctions6.3.12Grade 9 - Evolution6.3.13Diagnostic Misconceptions - Natural Selection
7Ecology
7.1Adaptations & Interdependence
7.2Organisation of Ecosystems
7.2.1Population Dynamics7.2.2Predator-Prey Graphs7.2.3Impact of Environmental Change7.2.4Causes of Environmental Change7.2.5Assessing Ecosystems7.2.6Organism Abundance7.2.7Required Practical - Population Size7.2.8Assessing Ecosystems - Calculations7.2.9The Carbon Cycle7.2.10The Water Cycle7.2.11The Cycling of Materials7.2.12Decay7.2.13Anaerobic Decay7.2.14Biogas Generators7.2.15Required Practical - Decay7.2.16End of Topic Test - Organisation of Ecosystems7.2.17Grade 9 - Ecosystems7.2.18Exam-Style Questions - Decomposition
7.3Biodiversity
7.4Trophic Levels
7.4.1Trophic Levels7.4.2Trophic Levels: Food Chains7.4.3Trophic Levels: Decomposers7.4.4Pyramids of Biomass7.4.5Transfer Efficiency7.4.6Reasons for Energy Wastage7.4.7Transfer Efficiency - Calculations7.4.8Premium Knowledge - Trophic Levels & Food Chains7.4.9Exam-Style Questions - Food Chains7.4.10Diagnostic Misconceptions - Arrows
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