Growing Economies

Growing economies

As countries have become more closely linked through the processes of globalisation, there has been a convergence in economic growth.

UK economic growth

The UK's economic growth plummeted during the recession of 2007-2008.
- The UK's GDP growth from 2008 to 2009 was -4.2%.
The economy has been sluggish since then:
- GDP growth in 2015 was 2.3%, in 2016 growth was 1.8%, in 2017 growth was 1.8% and in 2018 growth was 1.4%

Emerging economies

There is no clearcut definition of what an emerging economy is.
However, some general characteristics could be:
- An economy which is volatile, to a degree.
- An economy which is more immature and is transitioning into a developed economy.
The high growth of emerging economies is driven by China and India.
China's growth rate was 10.26% in 2010, 6.9% in 2015, 6.7% in 2016 and 6.9% in 2017.
India's growth rate was 10.26% in 2010, 8.15% in 2015, 7.11% in 2016 and 6.62% in 2017.

Economic growth in China and India

China has experienced significant economic growth since its economy transitioned to a free market.
China has specialised in the secondary sector (manufactured goods) and its economic growth is export-led.
India's economic growth has gone hand in hand with its young demographic.
India's tertiary sector (services) is one of the fastest in the world.

Implications of economic growth

Economic growth benefits individuals as employment opportunities increase.
- The unemployment rate typically falls in a period of economic growth. This leads to higher standards of living and can help lower levels of income inequality.
Globalisation and the rise of emerging economies help businesses because they can access new markets via trade.

Indicators of Economic Growth

Several indicators can be used to measure growth. The traditional measure is GDP (gross domestic product).

Illustrative background for GDP ?? "content

GDP

Economic growth can be measured by a rise in real GDP.
If real GDP is growing, this means the value of goods and services being produced is rising.
So it should mean, ceteris paribus (everything else equal), that incomes and standards of living are rising.

GDP per capita

Goods and services need to be distributed among the people, so population size matters.
A better measure of economic strength is real GDP per capita (per capita means divided by the population).
- E.g. China’s real GDP is X, but its GDP per capita is Y because it has so many people. Whereas Qatar’s real GDP is X but its GDP per capita is higher. So the “average” person has a higher income in Qatar than in China.

Illustrative background for HDI ?? "content

HDI

The most popular measure for economic development is the Human Development Index (HDI).
HDI is a composite index of life expectancy, education, and income indicators, which are used to rank countries.
To calculate the HDI, the following variable are used:
- Life expectancy at birth (health).
- Mean years of schooling and expected years of schooling (education).
- Gross national income (GNI) per capita (PPP US$) (standard of living).
Each item is equally weighted.

Limits of HDI

The HDI is not a comprehensive measure of human development.
It just focuses on the basic dimensions of human development, excluding factors such as political freedom.
It does not reflect the input efforts in terms of policies, nor can it measure short-term human development achievements.
HDI is an average measure and so masks inequalities within countries.
But it is important to keep it simple with minimum variables to make sure it is acceptable, understandable and predictable.

1Exploring Business

2Marketing Campaigns

2.1Marketing

2.1.1Setting Marketing Objectives

2.1.2Customer Needs

2.1.3The Market

2.1.4Competition & The Market

2.1.5Consumer Behaviour

2.1.6Market Research

2.1.7Forms of Market Research

2.1.8Market Segmentation

2.1.9Cultural & Social Factors in Marketing

2.1.10Promotional Decisions 3

2.1.11Pricing Strategies

2.2Marketing Mix

2.2.1Marketing Mix

2.2.2Product Life Cycle

2.2.3Pricing Decisions & Price Skimming

2.2.4Pricing Decisions & Price Penetration

2.2.5Promotional Decisions

2.2.6Promotional Decisions 2

2.2.7Promotional Decisions 3

2.2.8Market Mapping

3Business Finance

3.1Sources of Finance

3.1.1Internal Finance

3.1.2External Finance

3.1.3External Finance 2

3.1.4Sources of Business Finance

3.2Financial Planning

3.2.1Revenue

3.2.2Costs

3.2.3Cash & Cash Flow

3.2.4Cash & Cash Flow 2

3.2.5Break-Even Analysis

3.2.6Profits

3.3Financial Statements

3.3.1Balance Sheets

3.3.2Income Statements

3.3.3Liquidity

4International Business

4.1Globalisation

4.1.1Growing Economies

4.1.2Specialisation & Trade

4.2International Business

4.2.1Internationalisation

4.2.2International Trade

4.2.3MNCS

4.2.4Conditions that Prompt Trade

4.2.5Assessment of a Country

4.3International Economic Environment

4.3.1Globalisation

4.3.2Factors Contributing to Globalisation

4.3.3Protectionism

4.3.4The EU & the WTO

4.3.5Trading Blocs

4.4Factors Affecting International Business

4.4.1Global Competitiveness

4.4.2Ethics of Global Business

4.4.3Controlling MNCs

4.4.4Cultural & Social Factors in Marketing

5Principles of Management

5.1Management & Leadership

5.1.1Managers

5.1.2Management Theories

5.1.3Managing Organisational Culture

5.1.4Management Style

5.2Theories of Motivation

5.2.1Motivating & Engaging Employees

5.2.2Taylor's Theory

5.2.3Mayo's Theory

5.2.4Maslow's Theory

5.2.5Herzberg's Theory

5.3Managing Change

5.3.1Change

5.3.2Key Factors in Change

5.3.3Scenario Planning

5.3.4Managing Change

5.3.5Managing Strategic Implementation

6Business Decision Making

6.1Business Principles & Practices

6.1.1Influences in External Environments

6.1.2Product Decisions

6.1.3Competitive Environment

6.1.4Corporate Strategy

6.1.5Quantitative Sales Forecasting

6.1.6Legislation

6.2Quality Management

6.2.1Importance of Quality

6.2.2Measuring Quality

6.2.3Total Quality Management

6.2.4Evaluating TQM

6.3Human Resources

6.3.1Contracts

6.3.2Recruitment

6.3.3Training a Workforce

6.4Documents & Business Decisions

6.4.1Sales Forecasts

6.4.2Managing Strategic Implementation

6.4.3Problems with Strategy

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