Organisational Structure

Organisational Design

Organisational design involves making sure that an organisation is designed appropriately to increase its chances of meeting its aims and objectives. When leaders are planning the design of their organisation, they will consider several factors:

Authority

Authority is linked to delegation. Delegation involves passing authority to employees further down in the hierarchy.
- Authority can motivate and empower employees and therefore increase productivity.

Spans of control

Spans of control are the number of people who report directly to a supervisor or manager.
- Businesses with tall hierarchies have narrower spans of control so employees can be monitored more closely.
- Businesses with flat hierarchies have wider spans of control and it can be harder to monitor employees as closely as each manager will manage and lead a larger group of employees than in a business with a tall hierarchy.

Hierarchies

Hierarchies are the levels and layers of management. Tall hierarchies have many layers of management and flat hierarchies have few levels.
- Communication can be more difficult in a tall hierarchy as there are more layers for the communication to pass through.
- Tall hierarchies provide promotional opportunities for employees as there are more layers and therefore a greater number of promotional opportunities throughout the business.

Delegation

Delegation refers to a manager passing responsibility or authority to an employee below them in the hierarchy.
- Delegation can reduce the workload of managers which allows them to focus on their own tasks.
- Delegation can empower and motivate employees and prepare them for promotional opportunities in the future.
- Delegation may require a business to invest in and provide employee training to ensure that employees have the necessary skills to complete a task.

Centralisation and decentralisation

Centralisation and decentralisation refer to the decision making power within the business and how this power is held by employees.
- In centralised businesses, decision making power is helped by a small number of people who make decisions and then share these with other staff.
- In decentralised businesses, decision making power is distributed throughout the business to staff with appropriate skills and expertise.

1Exploring Business

2Marketing Campaigns

2.1Marketing

2.1.1Setting Marketing Objectives

2.1.2Customer Needs

2.1.3The Market

2.1.4Competition & The Market

2.1.5Consumer Behaviour

2.1.6Market Research

2.1.7Forms of Market Research

2.1.8Market Segmentation

2.1.9Cultural & Social Factors in Marketing

2.1.10Promotional Decisions 3

2.1.11Pricing Strategies

2.2Marketing Mix

2.2.1Marketing Mix

2.2.2Product Life Cycle

2.2.3Pricing Decisions & Price Skimming

2.2.4Pricing Decisions & Price Penetration

2.2.5Promotional Decisions

2.2.6Promotional Decisions 2

2.2.7Promotional Decisions 3

2.2.8Market Mapping

3Business Finance

3.1Sources of Finance

3.1.1Internal Finance

3.1.2External Finance

3.1.3External Finance 2

3.1.4Sources of Business Finance

3.2Financial Planning

3.2.1Revenue

3.2.2Costs

3.2.3Cash & Cash Flow

3.2.4Cash & Cash Flow 2

3.2.5Break-Even Analysis

3.2.6Profits

3.3Financial Statements

3.3.1Balance Sheets

3.3.2Income Statements

3.3.3Liquidity

4International Business

4.1Globalisation

4.1.1Growing Economies

4.1.2Specialisation & Trade

4.2International Business

4.2.1Internationalisation

4.2.2International Trade

4.2.3MNCS

4.2.4Conditions that Prompt Trade

4.2.5Assessment of a Country

4.3International Economic Environment

4.3.1Globalisation

4.3.2Factors Contributing to Globalisation

4.3.3Protectionism

4.3.4The EU & the WTO

4.3.5Trading Blocs

4.4Factors Affecting International Business

4.4.1Global Competitiveness

4.4.2Ethics of Global Business

4.4.3Controlling MNCs

4.4.4Cultural & Social Factors in Marketing

5Principles of Management

5.1Management & Leadership

5.1.1Managers

5.1.2Management Theories

5.1.3Managing Organisational Culture

5.1.4Management Style

5.2Theories of Motivation

5.2.1Motivating & Engaging Employees

5.2.2Taylor's Theory

5.2.3Mayo's Theory

5.2.4Maslow's Theory

5.2.5Herzberg's Theory

5.3Managing Change

5.3.1Change

5.3.2Key Factors in Change

5.3.3Scenario Planning

5.3.4Managing Change

5.3.5Managing Strategic Implementation

6Business Decision Making

6.1Business Principles & Practices

6.1.1Influences in External Environments

6.1.2Product Decisions

6.1.3Competitive Environment

6.1.4Corporate Strategy

6.1.5Quantitative Sales Forecasting

6.1.6Legislation

6.2Quality Management

6.2.1Importance of Quality

6.2.2Measuring Quality

6.2.3Total Quality Management

6.2.4Evaluating TQM

6.3Human Resources

6.3.1Contracts

6.3.2Recruitment

6.3.3Training a Workforce

6.4Documents & Business Decisions

6.4.1Sales Forecasts

6.4.2Managing Strategic Implementation

6.4.3Problems with Strategy

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