Opposition

Student Opposition During World War Two

Whilst student resistance was not widespread, it did exist. Key groups included the Edelweiss Pirates, the Swing Movement and the White Rose

Edelweiss Pirates

The Edelweiss Pirates continued into World War Two.
In 1942 the HJ complained they faced no-go areas in Düsseldorff because of the Edelweiss Pirates. 739 youths were arrested, many were sent to labour camps.
In 1944 leaders of the Cologne Edelweiss Pirates were hanged.

Swing Movement

The Swing Movement was mostly middle class youths listening to American Jazz music.
This activity was considered subversive by the Nazi regime as it undermined Nazi morale.
Members of the Swing Movement were arrested.

White Rose

In Munich University, the White Rose student group distributed leaflets between June 1942 and February 1943.
- The leaflets were anti-Nazi.
Leaders, Sophie and Hans Scholl and Christoph Probst were executed in February 1943.

Church Opposition During World War Two

Church opposition continued into World War Two.

Confesional Church

The Confessional Church split from the Reich Church.
Bonhöffer was banned from preaching and publishing in 1940. He worked with the resistance in Germany, hoping find a way to bring peace.
He had contacts with the British and was arrested in 1943. After being sent to Buchenwald, he was moved to Flossenbürg where he was executed in 1945.

Catholic Church

Roman Catholic bishop Clemens von Galen criticised the Nazis’ racism and euthanasia policies. He was too popular to be punished or made a martyr.
Galen’s 1941 sermons criticising euthanasia were circulated widely.
Three Catholic priests and a Protestant pastor from Lübeck were executed in Hamburg in November 1943 for criticising the Nazi regime.

Historical assessment

Churches in occupied European territories also generally failed to speak out against the crimes that the Nazis were committing.
Paul Hanebrink (2000) explores how the Christian Churches of Hungary reacted to emigration and extermination policies. He concludes that while there were lots of religious individuals who helped people facing persecution, these people were exceptional.
- The church as an institution failed to use its 'public moral authority' to question what was happening.

1The Weimar Republic 1918-1933

1.1Establishment Of The Weimar Republic 1918-1924

1.1.1Post WW1

1.1.2Weimar Constitution

1.1.3Peace Settlement

1.1.4End of Topic Test - Germany Post WW1

1.1.5Economic Issues

1.1.6Economic Issues 2

1.1.7Social Issues

1.1.8End of Topic Test - Economic & Social Issues

1.1.9Extremist Threats

1.1.10Extremist Threats 2

1.1.11End of Topic Test - Extremist Threats

1.1.12Political Instability & The Invasion of the Ruhr

1.1.13Weimar Government by 1924

1.1.14End of Topic Test - Weimar Government by 1924

1.1.15A-A* (AO3/4) - Germany Post WW1

1.2The 'Golden Age' Of The Weimar Republic 1924-1928

1.2.1Economic Developments

1.2.2Industry & Agriculture

1.2.3End of Topic Test - Economic Developments

1.2.4Social Developments

1.2.5Social Developments 2

1.2.6End of Topic Test - Social Developments

1.2.7Political Parties

1.2.8Political Stability

1.2.9End of Topic Test - Weimar Politics

1.2.10Germany's International Position

1.2.11Germany's International Position 2

1.2.12End of Topic Test - International Position

1.2.13A-A* (AO3/4) - The Weimar 'Golden Age'

1.3The Collapse of Democracy 1928-1933

1.3.1The Impact Of The Depression

1.3.2Politics After The Depression

1.3.3The Appeal Of Extremism

1.3.4End of Topic Test - The Depression & Politics

1.3.5'Backstairs Intrigue'

1.3.6'Backstairs Intrigue' 2

1.3.7End of Topic Test - Backstairs Intrigue

1.3.8Political Developments

1.3.9The State by March 1933

1.3.10End of Topic Test - Political Developments

1.3.11A-A* (AO3/4) - The Collapse of Democracy

2Nazi Germany 1933-1945

2.1The Nazi Dictatorship 1933-1939

2.1.1Hitler's Consolidation Of Power

2.1.2The Terror State

2.1.3End of Topic Test - Consolidation of Power

2.1.4Opposition

2.1.5Propaganda

2.1.6A-A* (AO3/4) - Terror State & Propaganda

2.1.7End of Topic Test - Propaganda

2.1.8Economic Policies

2.1.9Economic Policies 2

2.1.10Impact Of Economic Policies

2.1.11Impact Of Economic Policies 2

2.1.12End of Topic Test - Economic Policies

2.1.13Social Policies

2.1.14Social Policies 2

2.1.15Volksgemeinschaft

2.1.16End of Topic Test - Social Policies

2.1.17A-A* (AO3/4) - Economic & Social Policies

2.2The Racial State 1933-1941

2.2.1The Radicalisation Of The State

2.2.2Anti-Semitism

2.2.3Development Of Anti-Semitic Policies

2.2.4Development Of Anti-Semitic Policies 2

2.2.5End of Topic Test - Anti-Semitism

2.2.6Treatment of the Jews in the Early Years of War

2.2.7Deportation & Anti-Semitism Evaluation

2.2.8End of Topic Test - Early Treatment of the Jews

2.2.9A-A* (AO3/4) - The Racial State

2.3The Impact Of War 1939-1945

2.3.1Home Front

2.3.2Impact On Society

2.3.3Impact On Society 2

2.3.4End of Topic Test - Impact of the War

2.3.5War Economy

2.3.6War Economy 2

2.3.7Policies Towards The Jews & Untermenschen

2.3.8A-A* (AO3/4) - Impact of the War

2.3.9End of Topic Test - War Economy

2.3.10Opposition

2.3.11Opposition 2

2.3.12Nazi State by 1945

2.3.13End of Topic Test - Opposition

2.3.14A-A* (AO3/4) - Opposition & The State in 1945

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