Welcome to Seneca Revision Notes

1.1.1MRS GREN

1.1.2M.R.S.

1.1.3G.R.E.N.

1.2.1Classification

1.2.2Linnaean Classification

1.2.3Evolutionary Trees

1.2.4Ancestors & DNA

1.3.1Dichotomous Keys

1.3.2Kingdoms - Animals & Plants

1.3.3Other Kingdoms

1.3.4Vertebrates

1.3.5Anthropods

1.3.6Plant Classification

1.3.7Cellular Structures - Cells

1.3.8Cellular Structures - Viruses

2.1.1Animal Cells

2.1.2Plant Cells

2.1.3Properties of Prokaryotes

2.1.4Cells & Tissues

2.1.5Organs

2.1.6Organ Systems

2.1.7Organisms

2.1.8Ciliated Epithelia

2.1.9Sperm & Egg Cells

2.1.10Red Blood Cells

2.1.11Neurones

2.1.12Root Hair Cells & Palisade Mesophyll Cells

2.1.13Xylem

2.2.1Magnification

2.2.2Microscopy

2.2.3Orders of Magnitude

2.2.4Microscopy - Calculations

2.2.5Microscope Practical

2.2.6Converting Measurements

2.2.7End of Topic Test - Cells

2.2.8Exam-Style Questions - Cell Structure & Microscopy

3.1.1Diffusion

3.1.2Factors Affecting Diffusion

3.1.3Surface Area : Volume

3.2.1Osmosis

3.2.2Osmosis Experiment

3.2.3Osmosis in Plants

3.2.4Osmotic Balance

3.2.5Required Practical - Osmosis

3.3.1Active Transport

3.3.2Transport in Cells

3.3.3Carrier Proteins

3.3.4Grade 9 - Cell Transport

3.3.5End of Topic Test - Cell Transport

3.3.6Exam-Style Questions - Substance Exchange

4.1.1Chemical Elements

4.1.2Larger Molecules

4.1.3Water

4.1.4Testing for Biological Molecules

4.1.5DNA

4.1.6DNA Pairings

5.1.1Enzymes

5.1.2Rate of Enzyme Action

5.1.3Investigating Rate

5.1.4Rate of Reaction - Calculations

5.1.5End of Topic Test - Enzymes

5.1.6Grade 9 - Enzymes

6.1.1Photosynthesis

6.1.2Photosynthesis - Plant Gas Exchange

6.1.3Photosynthesis in Farming

6.1.4Uses of Glucose

6.1.5Ion Deficiency Conditions

6.1.6Rate of Photosynthesis

6.1.7Photosynthesis Experiments

6.1.8Photosynthesis Equation

6.1.9Photosynthesis - Calculations

6.1.10Limiting Factors

6.1.11Grade 9 - Photosynthesis Experiment

6.1.12Exam-Style Questions - Photosynthesis

6.2.1Leaf Structure

6.2.2Stomata

6.2.3States of Stomata

6.2.4Plant Tissues

6.2.5Leaf Adaptations

6.2.6End of Topic Test - Photosynthesis

7.1.1Diet

7.1.2Vitamins & Minerals

7.1.3Dietary Needs

7.2.1Digestive System

7.2.2Steps of Digestion

7.2.3Diarrhoea

7.3.1Physical Digestion - Human Tooth

7.3.2Teeth Types

7.3.3Tooth Diseases

7.4.1Digestive Enzymes

7.4.2Examples of Digestive Enzymes - Amylases

7.4.3Examples of Digestive Enzymes - Proteases

7.4.4Examples of Digestive Enzymes - Lipases

7.4.5Chemical Digestion - Stomach

7.4.6Exam-Style Questions - Digestive Enzymes

7.4.7Pepsin & Trypsin

7.5.1Small Intestine

7.5.2Villi

8.1.1Plant Vessels

8.1.2Specialised Plant Cells - Xylem

8.2.1Water Uptake

8.2.2Specialised Plant Cells - Root Hair

8.2.3Exam-Style Questions - Transport in Plants

8.3.1Transpiration

8.3.2Transpiration Tissues - Xylem

8.3.3Rate of Transpiration

8.3.4Measuring Transpiration

8.4.1Translocation Tissues - Phloem

8.4.2Translocation

8.4.3End of Topic Test - Plant Transport

9.1.1Circulatory Systems

9.1.2Double Circulatory Systems

9.2.1Mammal Heart Function

9.2.2Mammal Heart Structure

9.2.3Heart Monitoring

9.2.4Exercise Recovery

9.2.5Heart Disease

9.2.6Treatment of Heart Disease

9.3.1Types of Vessels - Arteries

9.3.2Types of Vessels - Veins

9.3.3Types of Vessels - Capillaries

9.3.4Important Vessels

9.3.5Lymphatic System

9.3.6End of Topic Test - Circulatory System

9.3.7Exam-Style Questions - Circulatory System

9.4.1Blood Components

9.4.2Red Blood Cells

9.4.3White Blood Cells

9.4.4Platelets

9.4.5Blood Clotting

10.1.1Health Issues

10.1.2Causing Diseases

10.1.3Preventing Infection

10.1.4Human Defence Systems - Non-Specific Defences

10.1.5Human Defence Systems - Immune Systems

10.1.6Antibodies

10.1.7Vaccination & Immunity

10.1.8Passive Immunity

10.1.9Viruses

10.1.10End of Topic Test - Health & Disease

11.1.1Exchange Surface

11.1.2Lung Gas Exchange

11.1.3Alveoli

11.1.4Breathing Process

11.1.5Breathing Composition

11.1.6Breathing & Exercise

11.1.7Thorax

12.1.1Respiration Uses

12.1.2Investigating Respiration

12.1.3End of Topic Test - Respiration

12.1.4Exam-Style Questions - Respiration During Exercise

12.2.1Respiration Reactions

12.2.2Oxygen Use & Debt

12.2.3Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration

13.1.1Excretion in Humans

13.1.2Urea

13.1.3Water Balance

13.1.4Water in Urine

13.1.5The Kidneys

13.1.6Urine Production

13.1.7Urinary System

13.1.8Dialysis

13.1.9Dialysis - Pros & Cons

13.1.10Kidney Transplants

13.1.11Kidney Transplants - Pros & Cons

14.1.1The Nervous System

14.1.2Reflex Actions

14.1.3Reflex Arc

14.1.4Synapses

14.1.5End of Topic Test - Nervous Control

14.1.6Exam-Style Questions - Nervous System

14.2.1Sense Organs

14.2.2Eye Anatomy

14.2.3Eye Function - Light

14.2.4Eye Function - Focus

14.2.5Eye Function - Detecting Colour

14.3.1Hormones in Humans

14.3.2Endocrine Glands

14.3.3Nervous vs Endocrine

14.3.4Adrenaline

14.4.1Homeostasis

14.4.2Regulating Internal Conditions

14.4.3Control Systems

14.4.4Negative Feedback

14.4.5Thermoregulation

14.4.6Thermoregulation - Hot and Cold

14.4.7Thermoregulation - Skin

14.4.8Thermoregulation - Sweating & Shivering

14.4.9Thermoregulation - Hairs

14.4.10Thermoregulation - Blood Vessels

14.4.11Blood Glucose

14.4.12Detecting Glucose

14.4.13Type 1 Diabetes

14.4.14End of Topic Test - Homeostasis & Hormones

14.4.15Grade 9 - Hormonal Coordination

14.5.1Types of Tropisms

14.5.2Auxins and Tropisms

14.5.3Required Practical - Plant Hormones

15.1.1Antibiotics

15.1.2Antibiotic Resistance

15.1.3Resistant Bacteria

16.1.1Asexual Reproduction

16.1.2Advantages of Asexual Reproduction

16.2.1Sexual Reproduction

16.2.2Gametes vs. Zygotes

16.2.3Advantages of Sexual Reproduction

16.3.1Flower Anatomy

16.3.2Pollination Methods

16.3.3Self-pollination & Cross-polination

16.3.4Germination

16.4.1Human Reproductive Systems - Male

16.4.2Human Reproductive Systems - Female

16.4.3Human Gametes - Sperm Cells

16.4.4Human Gametes - Egg Cells

16.4.5Human Gametes - Egg vs. Sperm

16.4.6Pregnancy

16.4.7Pregnancy Health

16.4.8Birth - Labour

16.4.9Birth - Breast-feeding

16.5.1Puberty

16.5.2Menstruation

16.5.3Menstrual Cycle

16.5.4Menstrual Hormones

16.5.5Baby Planning

16.5.6Infertility

16.5.7Fertility Treatments Pros & Cons

16.5.8End of Topic Test - Reproductive Hormones

16.5.9Exam-Style Questions - Hormones & Contraception

16.6.1HIV

17.1.1Genome

17.1.2Genome Diagram

17.1.3Gene Expression

17.1.4DNA Pairings

17.1.5Protein Synthesis

17.1.6Synthesis Process

17.2.1Cell Division

17.2.2Stem Cells

17.2.3Meiosis

17.3.1Alleles

17.3.2Phenotype

17.3.3Sex Determination

17.3.4Monohybrid Inheritance

17.3.5Punnett Square

17.3.6Blood Groups

17.3.7Sex-linked Disorders

17.3.8Cystic Fibrosis

17.3.9Cystic Fibrosis - Punnett Square

17.3.10Cystic Fibrosis - Pedigree Diagram

17.3.11Test Crosses

17.3.12End of Topic Test - Genes & Inheritance

18.1.1Variation

18.1.2Continuous & Discontinuous Variation

18.1.3Mutations

18.1.4Sickle Cell Symptoms

18.1.5Sickle Cell & Malaria

18.1.6Sickle Cell Inheritance

18.2.1Adaptive Features

18.2.2Plant Adaptations

18.3.1Natural Selection

18.3.2Evolution

18.3.3Antibiotic Resistance

18.3.4Selective Breeding

18.3.5Selective Breeding Process

18.3.6Uses of Selective Breeding

18.3.7Grade 9 - Evolution

18.3.8End of Topic Test - Variation & Evolution

19.1.1Energy Flow

19.2.1Food Chains & Webs

19.2.2Decomposers

19.2.3Trophic Levels

19.2.4Pyramids of Biomass

19.2.5Editing Food Chains

19.2.6Reasons for Energy Wastage

19.2.7Transfer Efficiency

19.2.8Exam-Style Questions - Biomass

19.2.9End of Topic Test - Food and Trophic Levels

19.3.1Importance of Cycling

19.3.2Carbon Cycle

19.3.3Peat Bog

19.3.4Water Cycle

19.3.5Nitrogen Cycle

19.3.6Nitrogen Cycle & Microorganisms

19.4.1Ecosystems

19.4.2Population Growth Factors

19.4.3Population Growth

19.4.4Human Population

19.4.5Grade 9 - Ecosystems

19.4.6End of Topic Test - Ecosystems

20.1.1Food Supply & Modern Technology

20.1.2Food Supply & Modern Technology Drawbacks

20.1.3Food Supply & Populations

20.1.4Causes of Famine

20.1.5Declining Fish Stock

20.2.1Habitat Destruction

20.2.2Deforestation

20.2.3Exam-Style Questions - Deforestation

20.3.1Humans & Waste

20.3.2Nuclear Waste

20.3.3Land Pollution

20.3.4Waste Production - Plastics

20.3.5Air Pollution

20.3.6Greenhouse Effect

20.3.7Global Warming

20.3.8Eutrophication

20.4.1Conservation

20.4.2Reasons to Conserve Biodiversity

20.4.3Renewable Resources

20.4.4Recycling

20.4.5Sustainability

20.4.6Sewage Treatment

20.4.7Sustainable Fishing

20.4.8Sustainable Forest

20.4.9Endangered Species

20.4.10Causes of Endangering

21.1.1Bacteria in Biotechnology

21.2.1Yeast in Biotechnology

21.2.2Enzymes in Biotechnology

21.2.3Penicillin

21.3.1Genetic Modification

21.3.2Genetic Modification - Process

21.3.3Genetic Modification - Controversy

21.3.4Pros & Cons of Genetic Modification