Ideal Gases

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The Kelvin Scale

The Kelvin scale is a temperature scale that is commonly used in science.

The Kelvin scale

The Kelvin scale is an absolute temperature scale defined to have 0 K at the lowest possible temperature, called absolute zero.

Absolute zero

Absolute zero (0 K) is the lowest possible temperature.
At absolute zero, there is no temperature.
- This means that there is no kinetic energy or vibration of molecules.

Converting from degrees Celsius to Kelvin

To find degrees Celsius from Kelvin, just add 273.15.
- E.g. 0^oC = 273.15 K.
- E.g. Water boils at 373.15 K.

Ideal Gas Law

The ideal gas law is a good model for the behaviours of large amounts of gas.

Ideal gas law

The ideal gas law can be written as:
- Pressure x volume = number of moles x ideal gas constant x temperature
- pV=nRT
  - Where R is the ideal gas constant and has a value of 8.31
This equation can be rearranged to solve for any of the terms.

Boltzmann constant

Ideal gas constant x number of moles = Boltzmann constant x number of molecules
- $Rn=kN$

Avogadro's number

This equation gives the relationship between the ideal gas constant, the Boltzmann constant and Avogadro's number (the number of molecules in a mole):
- $N{_a}=R/k$
Using the ideal gas law and the above equation, we can now write:
- $pV=NkT$

1Space, Time & Motion

1.1Motion

1.1.1Motion Basics

1.1.2Graphs of Motion

1.1.3Uniform Acceleration Equations

1.1.4Projectile Motion

1.1.5Bouncing Ball Example

1.2Forces

1.2.1Friction

1.2.2Terminal Speed

1.2.3Newton's Laws

1.2.4Exam-Style Question - Forces

1.2.5End of Topic Test - Newton's Third Law

1.3Momentum & Impulse

1.3.1Momentum

1.3.2Momentum 2

1.3.3End of Topic Test - Newton's Laws & Momentum

1.4Work, Energy & Power

1.4.1Work & Energy

1.4.2Conservation of Energy

1.4.3Power & Efficiency

1.4.4IB Multiple Choice- Work, Energy & Power

2The Particulate Nature of Matter

2.1Thermal Concepts

2.1.1Molecular Kinetic Theory Model

2.1.2Molecular Kinetic Theory Model 2

2.1.3Thermal Energy Transfer

2.1.4Thermal Energy Transfer Experiments

2.1.5Thermal Equilibrium

2.1.6Thermal Conductivity

2.1.7Heat Energy Transfer

2.2Modelling a Gas

2.2.1Ideal Gases

2.2.2Ideal Gases 2

2.2.3End of Topic Test - Thermal Energy & Ideal Gases

2.2.4Exam-Style Question - Ideal Gases

3Wave Behaviour

3.1Oscillations

3.1.1Progressive Waves

3.1.2Simple Harmonic Motion

3.2Travelling Waves

3.2.1Wave Speed & Phase Difference

3.2.2Longitudinal & Transverse Waves

3.2.3Electromagnetic Waves

3.2.4Electromagnetic Waves 2

3.2.5Sound Waves

3.3Wave Characteristics

3.3.1Polarisation

3.4Wave Behaviour

3.4.1Reflection & Absorption

3.4.2Reflection of Light

3.4.3Refraction

3.4.4Refractive index

3.5Standing Waves

3.5.1Standing Waves

3.5.2Standing Waves 2

3.5.3End of Topic Test - Standing Waves

3.5.4IB Multiple Choice - Waves

3.6Simple Harmonic Motion

3.6.1Simple Harmonic Motion

3.6.2Simple Harmonic Systems

3.6.3Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion

3.6.4End of Topic Test - Simple Harmonic Motion

3.6.5End of Topic Test - Simple Harmonic Motion

3.7Single Slit Diffraction

3.7.1Diffraction

3.8Interference

3.8.1Interference

3.8.2Interference 2

3.8.3Diffraction Gratings

3.8.4End of Topic Test - Diffraction

3.9Doppler Effect

3.9.1Doppler Effect

4Fields

4.1Circular Motion

4.1.1Circular Motion

4.1.2Centripetal Force

4.1.3IB Multiple Choice - Circular Motion

4.2Newton's Law of Gravitation

4.2.1Newton's Law

4.2.2Orbits of Planets & Satellites

4.2.3Escape Velocity & Synchronous Orbits

4.2.4End of Topic Test - Gravitational Fields

4.3Fields

4.3.1Fields

4.3.2Gravitational Field Strength

4.3.3Gravitational Potential

4.3.4Electric Field Strength

4.3.5Electrostatic & Gravitational Forces

4.3.6Electric Potential

4.3.7IB Multiple Choice - Gravitational Fields

4.4Fields at Work

4.4.1Radial Field Strength

4.4.2Orbits of Planets & Satellites

4.4.3Escape Velocity & Synchronous Orbits

4.4.4End of Topic Test - Gravitational Fields

4.4.5Uniform Electric Fields

4.4.6IB Multiple Choice - Electric Field & Potential

4.5Electric Fields

4.5.1Electric Charge

4.5.2Conservation of Charge

4.5.3Coulomb's Law

4.5.4Current

4.5.5Potential Difference

4.5.6IB Multiple Choice - Electric Charge

4.6Magnetic Effect of Electric Currents

4.6.1Magnetism

4.6.2Magnetic Field

4.6.3Magnetic Force

4.6.4Moving Charges in a Magnetic Field

4.6.5IB Multiple Choice - Magnetism

4.7Heating Effect of Currents

4.7.1Circuits

4.7.2Resistance

4.7.3Power and Conservation

4.7.4IB Multiple Choice - DC Circuits

4.8Electromagnetic Induction

4.8.1Electromagnetic Induction

4.8.2Electromagnetic Induction 2

4.8.3Magnetic Flux & Flux Linkage

4.8.4End of Topic Test - Electromagnetic Induction

4.9Power Generation & Transmission

4.9.1Alternating Currents

4.9.2Operation of a Transformer

4.10Capacitance

4.10.1Capacitance

4.10.2Parallel Plate Capacitor

4.10.3Energy Stored by a Capacitor

4.10.4Capacitor Discharge

4.10.5Capacitor Charge

4.10.6Magnetic Flux Density

4.10.7End of Topic Test - Capacitance & Flux Density

5Nuclear & Quantum Physics

5.1Discrete Energy & Radioactivity

5.1.1Atomic Spectra

5.1.2Atomic Structure

5.1.3Photons

5.1.4Discrete Energy Levels

5.1.5Alpha, Beta & Gamma Radiation

5.1.6Scientific Practices - Unstable Nuclei

5.1.7Radioactive Decay

5.1.8IB Multiple Choice - Atomic Physics

5.2Nuclear Reactions

5.2.1Mass & Energy

5.2.2Nuclear Fission

5.3The Interaction of Matter with Radiation

5.3.1Particles, Antiparticles & Photons

5.3.2Particle Interactions

5.3.3Classification of Particles

5.3.4Wave-Particle Duality

5.3.5Wave Functions & Probability

5.3.6IB Multiple Choice - Quantum Physics

5.4Nuclear Physics

5.4.1Nuclear Instability & Radioactive Decay

5.4.2Nuclear Radius

5.4.3IB Multiple Choice - Nuclear Physics

6Measurements

6.1Measurements & Errors

6.1.1Fundamental Units

6.1.2SI Prefixes, Standard Form & Converting Units

6.1.3End of Topic Test - Units & Prefixes

6.2Uncertainties & Errors

6.2.1Limitation of Physical Measurements

6.2.2Uncertainty

6.2.3Estimation

6.2.4End of Topic Test - Measurements & Errors

6.3Vectors & Scalars

6.3.1Scalars & Vectors

6.3.2Vector Problems

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