1.1.3
Galen
Claudius Galen
Claudius Galen
The Greek physician, Claudius Galen was born in 129 AD in Greece but he then lived in Rome later in his life.
Similar views to Hippocrates
Similar views to Hippocrates
- Galen believed that imbalances in the four humours of the body caused diseases.
- He supported clinical observation and encouraged doctors to monitor a pulse or take a urine sample to find out what was wrong with a patient.
- But Galen thought that blood was absorbed or taken in by the body, rather than pumped around it.
Theory of Opposites
Theory of Opposites
- Galen advanced the understanding of the humours through his Theory of Opposites.
- He thought that humours could be rebalanced by giving a patient something opposite to their symptoms.
- For example, if you had an excess of blood (hot and wet), doctors should prescribe a treatment which was cold and dry.
Monotheistic
Monotheistic
- Although Galen lived in the Roman Empire he believed in monotheism (one single God).
- Because of this, the Christian Church supported his ideas of medicine.
- As the Church put their weight behind Galen’s ideas of medicine, it was frowned upon to question Galen.
Miasma Theory
Miasma Theory
- The Miasma theory was also included in Galen’s thinking.
- Miasma theory said that bad air made someone ill when they breathed it in.
- It was very popular in medieval England and it was probably the most powerful theory of disease until late into the 1800s.
Ideas lasting for 1,400 years
Ideas lasting for 1,400 years
- Because of the Church’s support, Galen’s ideas endured (lasted) as the foundation of medicine for 1,400 years.
- The fact that he was monotheistic and had the Church’s support shows that chance can lead ideas to spread and be used everywhere.
Public Health in Ancient Rome
Public Health in Ancient Rome
Ancient Romans began to focus on public health by introducing aqueducts, sewers, baths and doctors.
Aqueducts, sewers and baths
Aqueducts, sewers and baths
- Roman emperors and senators spent a lot of money on building aqueducts to bring clean water into Roman cities.
- This is likely to be because they thought that unclean drinking water, sewage and dirt tended to make people ill.
- Ancient Romans built toilets, sewers and public baths that were used to take waste out of buildings and people’s homes.
Doctors
Doctors
- Doctors in Ancient Rome were recommended herbs and plants as medicines and they often fitted with Galen’s Theory of Opposites.
- Bleeding was a common treatment but surgery was very rare.
Religion
Religion
- The Romans believed that Gods and supernatural things could affect health.
- Aesculapius was the Roman god of Health and Medicine.
- Carna was the Roman god who kept the heart and organs healthy.
Progress in Ancient Roman Medicine
Progress in Ancient Roman Medicine
There was much progress in Ancient Rome under Claudius Galen but inequality was still difficult to overcome.
Progress - water and hygiene
Progress - water and hygiene
- Roman aqueducts and sewage systems were an improvement in health and medicine that have lasted to today.
- Clean water and dealing with sewage and dirt are important in societies today.
Progress - herbal remedies
Progress - herbal remedies
- Ancient Romans took a wide range of herbs and plants to heal them in keeping with Galen’s Theory of Opposites.
- This continued the trend started in Ancient Egyptian society.
Progress - Roman Empire
Progress - Roman Empire
- The Roman Empire did a good job of providing lots of food, housing and infrastructure (sewage and water).
- This society/civilisation helped provide the systems that helped society to function.
- This showed the importance of government in improving the state of medicine and health.
Progress – Galen
Progress – Galen
- The diffusion (spreading) of Galen’s ideas shows the importance of chance in history. His ideas became very popular partly because of the support of the Christian Church.
- Without this, fewer people would have known about things like clinical observation.
Inequality
Inequality
- However, not all people in Ancient Rome benefited from these changes in society.
- Diseases still spread and lots of poor people didn’t benefit from doctors, treatments and herbal remedies (treatments).
1Medicine in Medieval England
1.1Ideas about the Cause of Disease & Illness
1.2Approaches to Prevention & Treatment
2The Medical Renaissance in England
2.1Ideas about the Cause of Disease & Illness
2.2Approaches to Prevention & Treatment
3Medicine in 18th & 19th Century Britain
3.1Ideas about the Cause of Disease & Illness
3.2Approaches to Prevention & Treatment
4Medicine in Modern Britain
4.1Modern Understanding of Disease
4.2Approaches to Prevention & Treatment
5Treatment in WW1
6Themes in Medicine
7Some Extra Context (Not Compulsory for Exam)
7.1Medieval Medicine
Jump to other topics
1Medicine in Medieval England
1.1Ideas about the Cause of Disease & Illness
1.2Approaches to Prevention & Treatment
2The Medical Renaissance in England
2.1Ideas about the Cause of Disease & Illness
2.2Approaches to Prevention & Treatment
3Medicine in 18th & 19th Century Britain
3.1Ideas about the Cause of Disease & Illness
3.2Approaches to Prevention & Treatment
4Medicine in Modern Britain
4.1Modern Understanding of Disease
4.2Approaches to Prevention & Treatment
5Treatment in WW1
6Themes in Medicine
7Some Extra Context (Not Compulsory for Exam)
7.1Medieval Medicine
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