3.1.3

Inflation

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Inflation

Inflation can be measured through CPI or RPI.

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Inflation

  • Inflation is defined as a persistent increase in the general price level over a given period of time.
  • Inflation figures are normally given on an annualised basis.
  • The most common measures for inflation are CPI (Consumer Price Index) and RPI (Retail Prices Index).
  • They are calculated by measuring the change in the value of a basket of goods and services.
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An economic indicator

  • One reason inflation is an indicator of the strength of the economy is because high and unexpected inflation would mean goods and services are becoming unaffordable as the purchasing power of income falls.
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Rate of inflation

  • In the UK, the Office for National Statistics (ONS) calculates the inflation rate by collecting prices on a basket of around 700 representative goods and services.
  • Each item is weighted in the basket according to the % of household income spent on them. So higher weights means if the price of that item changes, it has a larger impact on the overall value of the CPI and inflation.
  • The basket (items in it and the weights) is updated once a year to reflect changing consumer consumption behaviour.

Index Numbers

Index numbers are used by economists to both represent and to understand economic data in a much clearer way.

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Index numbers

  • These are a way of expressing economic data.
    • E.g. if you were told the average price of housing in the UK was £256,010, and it is forecast to rise to £268,221, it is hard to process this data.
    • E.g. if you wanted to compare which countries had done the best since the 2008 financial crash, index numbers would help to show this clearly.
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How to calculate an index number

  • You need to choose a "base". This is commonly a year but doesn't have to be.
  • It is the “thing” that everything else is being compared to.
    • E.g. if the base year is 2008, then the index number in 2009 is being compared to 2008, the chosen base year.
  • It is convention to set the base year index number equal to 100.
  • To calculate an inflation rate we use the following formula: (New value / Base year value ) x 100.
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Example of calculating an index number

  • So for 2013, it would be £250,010 / £250,010 x 100 = 100.
  • For convention, 100 is always the base year value.
  • 102.84 is 2.84% higher than 100. This means that the 2014 house prices are 2.84% higher the 2013 house prices (the base year).
  • This process can be repeated for different years.

Inflation, Deflation and Disinflation

You need to know the definitions for inflation, deflation and disinflation.

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Inflation

  • Inflation is defined as a persistent increase in the general price level, over a given period of time.
  • Prices are going up.
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Deflation

  • Deflation is defined as a persistent decrease in the general price level, over a given period of time.
  • Prices are going down.
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Disinflation

  • Disinflation is a decrease in the rate of increases of prices – it is when inflation falls but remains positive.
  • If the inflation rate falls from 5% to 2%, prices are still rising, just at a slower pace.
  • Prices are still going up!

Jump to other topics

1Introduction to Markets

2Market Failure

3The UK Macroeconomy

4The UK Economy - Policies

5Business Behaviour

6Market Structures

7A Global Perspective

8Finance & Inequality

9Examples of Global Policy

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