4.1.2
Enzymes & Signs of Food Spoilage
High-Risk Foods
High-Risk Foods
We classify ready-to-eat foods as high-risk foods if they can cultivate dangerous bacteria from being stored incorrectly.
![Illustrative background for High-risk foods](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-05/f825fd48-1b1e-4f63-83b6-5f3240cec317/shutterstock_435521527,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
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High-risk foods
High-risk foods
- Cooked fish, poultry and meat.
- Gravies, sauces and stocks.
- Shellfish.
- Cooked rice.
- Dairy products, such as cheese, milk and eggs.
![Illustrative background for Storing and classifying high-risk foods](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-05/64f00306-272e-481f-972e-4c2d2e9730c0/egg-3413544_1920,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
![Illustrative background for Storing and classifying high-risk foods ?? "content](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-05/64f00306-272e-481f-972e-4c2d2e9730c0/egg-3413544_1920,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
Storing and classifying high-risk foods
Storing and classifying high-risk foods
- These foods contain lots of protein and water.
- Because there's a risk of bacteria multiplying rapidly, these foods cannot be kept safely for long (short shelf life).
- We don't classify certain uncooked foods as high-risk foods because we don't consume them uncooked. Eggs are a good example.
![Illustrative background for Identifying 'off' food](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2020-03/a239fbd0-99b4-4252-aa3f-8cfb37d1fb93/mouldy-bread-,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpeg)
![Illustrative background for Identifying 'off' food ?? "content](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2020-03/a239fbd0-99b4-4252-aa3f-8cfb37d1fb93/mouldy-bread-,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpeg)
Identifying 'off' food
Identifying 'off' food
- Common signs that food is going off include:
- Mould growing - on things like bread.
- A sour smell - for things like yoghurt.
- A slimy texture - for things like chicken.
- But sometimes there are no signs that food has been spoiled, so we have to be careful.
![Illustrative background for Identifying spoil-free food](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-05/97dc117f-f83a-4312-933a-9a363e83499a/shutterstock_475848682,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
![Illustrative background for Identifying spoil-free food ?? "content](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-05/97dc117f-f83a-4312-933a-9a363e83499a/shutterstock_475848682,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
Identifying spoil-free food
Identifying spoil-free food
- Common signs include:
- Fresh meat - smelling fresh, feeling firm and appearing bright.
- Fresh fish - smelling clean or a little salty, with red-coloured gills, shiny skin and clear eyes.
Enzymes
Enzymes
Enzymes are biological catalysts that increase the rate of chemical reactions. They are proteins that cause fruits to either ripen or brown.
![Illustrative background for Ripening](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-05/21fd4d6b-eed2-4c02-9127-8af681d05325/shutterstock_252318739,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
![Illustrative background for Ripening ?? "content](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-05/21fd4d6b-eed2-4c02-9127-8af681d05325/shutterstock_252318739,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
Ripening
Ripening
- Fruits ripen because of the enzymes they contain.
- Ripeness determines a fruit's colour, texture and sweetness.
- Enzymes in bananas cause them to soften and sweeten by breaking down the starch they contain.
![Illustrative background for Browning](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-05/5db09848-45ed-48d5-86a2-b25ca75c4cab/shutterstock_333836696,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
![Illustrative background for Browning ?? "content](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-05/5db09848-45ed-48d5-86a2-b25ca75c4cab/shutterstock_333836696,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
Browning
Browning
- Slicing fruits and vegetables like pears and potatoes expose their insides to oxygen. The oxygen causes the fruit to brown and the enzymes in the fruit make this process happen faster.
- Fruits also start to brown as they start to overripen.
![Illustrative background for Contolling enzyme activity](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-05/1c82b5a4-4d82-41d5-ab1f-4515c0dc6d13/shutterstock_211542739,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
![Illustrative background for Contolling enzyme activity ?? "content](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-05/1c82b5a4-4d82-41d5-ab1f-4515c0dc6d13/shutterstock_211542739,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
Contolling enzyme activity
Contolling enzyme activity
- Enzymes function best at an optimal pH. So, introducing an acid can stop enzymes from working properly.
- E.g. pouring orange or lemon juice (acidic) over fruits will stop the fruits browning.
- Enzymes ripen vegetables, causing them to gradually lose flavour, nutrients, colour and texture. Although freezing vegetables will slow enzyme activity, it won't end enzyme activity. Therefore, we must blanch foods to kill ripening enzymes and make sure vegetables are suitably colourful and nutritious for freezing.
1Food Preparation Skills
1.1Food Preparation Skills
1.1.1General Practical Skills
1.1.2Knife Skills
1.1.3Preparing Fruit, Vegetables & Using Equipment
1.1.4Cooking Methods: Prepare, Shape & Combine
1.1.5Sauce Making, Tenderising & Marinating
1.1.6Dough & Pastry
1.1.7Shaping & Finishing Dough
1.1.8Raising Agents & Mixtures
1.1.9End of Topic Test - Food Preparation Skills 1
2Food, Nutrition & Health
2.2Micronutrients
3Food Science
3.1Cooking of Food & Heat Transfer
3.2Functional & Chemical Properties of Food
4Food Safety
4.1Food Spoilage & Contamination
5Food Choice
5.1Factors Affecting Food Choice
5.2British & International Cuisines
6Food Provenance
6.1Environmental Impact & Sustainability of Food
6.1.1Food Sources - Intensive & Organic Farming
6.1.2Food Sources - Genetically Modified Crops
6.1.3Food Sources - Reared Food
6.1.4Food Sources - Caught Food
6.1.5Food & The Environment
6.1.6Food & The Environment 2
6.1.7Sustainability of Food
6.1.8Sustainability of Food 2
6.1.9End of Topic Test - Environmental Impacts
Jump to other topics
1Food Preparation Skills
1.1Food Preparation Skills
1.1.1General Practical Skills
1.1.2Knife Skills
1.1.3Preparing Fruit, Vegetables & Using Equipment
1.1.4Cooking Methods: Prepare, Shape & Combine
1.1.5Sauce Making, Tenderising & Marinating
1.1.6Dough & Pastry
1.1.7Shaping & Finishing Dough
1.1.8Raising Agents & Mixtures
1.1.9End of Topic Test - Food Preparation Skills 1
2Food, Nutrition & Health
2.2Micronutrients
3Food Science
3.1Cooking of Food & Heat Transfer
3.2Functional & Chemical Properties of Food
4Food Safety
4.1Food Spoilage & Contamination
5Food Choice
5.1Factors Affecting Food Choice
5.2British & International Cuisines
6Food Provenance
6.1Environmental Impact & Sustainability of Food
6.1.1Food Sources - Intensive & Organic Farming
6.1.2Food Sources - Genetically Modified Crops
6.1.3Food Sources - Reared Food
6.1.4Food Sources - Caught Food
6.1.5Food & The Environment
6.1.6Food & The Environment 2
6.1.7Sustainability of Food
6.1.8Sustainability of Food 2
6.1.9End of Topic Test - Environmental Impacts
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