1.1.1
General Practical Skills
General Practical Skills
General Practical Skills
You should know the following skills for your exam:
![Illustrative background for Weighing and measuring](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-05/4e4962bc-bada-49bd-931d-f46fc3ff6e72/shutterstock_534335686,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
![Illustrative background for Weighing and measuring ?? "content](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-05/4e4962bc-bada-49bd-931d-f46fc3ff6e72/shutterstock_534335686,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
Weighing and measuring
Weighing and measuring
- Measuring solids and dry ingredients - usually use a balance or electronic weighing scales.
- Example food products - sugar, margarine, butter, flour, icing sugar.
- Measuring liquids - usually use a measuring cups jug and pour in the right amount of litres (or millilitres).
- Example food products - milk, water.
- Measuring small quantities - usually use spoons (teaspoons or tablespoons).
- Example food products- baking soda, ginger, oregano, chili powder.
![Illustrative background for Preparing food and equipment](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-05/9c55fe68-81be-4c1b-a82d-ea6e3d4eb507/shutterstock_1090636412,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
![Illustrative background for Preparing food and equipment ?? "content](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-05/9c55fe68-81be-4c1b-a82d-ea6e3d4eb507/shutterstock_1090636412,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
Preparing food and equipment
Preparing food and equipment
- If you're baking cakes, you should grease or line your cake tins. For some other dishes, you may need to put oil, butter or flour on your equipment as lining.
- Examples - lining a tray with grease-proof paper, flouring a surface before rolling dough when making bread, greasing a cake tin when making a fat lemon drizzle cake.
![Illustrative background for Choosing & changing cooking times](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-05/be01a04d-2bf1-443b-a248-6037a43ca0d6/shutterstock_589289405,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
![Illustrative background for Choosing & changing cooking times ?? "content](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-05/be01a04d-2bf1-443b-a248-6037a43ca0d6/shutterstock_589289405,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
Choosing & changing cooking times
Choosing & changing cooking times
- You'll need to choose an appropriate cooking time based on what type of food you're cooking and how big the portion size is.
- Cooking is an art. You may need to cook things for longer or take them out sooner when things change.
![Illustrative background for Factors affecting cooking time](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2019-10/0bb4d0b8-c86e-439d-92ec-b264c02feca8/midnight-clock-,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
![Illustrative background for Factors affecting cooking time ?? "content](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2019-10/0bb4d0b8-c86e-439d-92ec-b264c02feca8/midnight-clock-,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
Factors affecting cooking time
Factors affecting cooking time
- The size of what you're cooking affects how fast it cooks (this is linked to surface area: volume ratios). For example:
- Small chunks of diced chicken will be cooked through faster than a whole chicken breast.
- A thicker cut of lamb will take longer to cook than a thinner cut of lamb.
- Some foods take longer to cook than other foods. For example:
- A pork fillet will take longer to cook than a fillet of fish.
How To Test If Food is Ready?
How To Test If Food is Ready?
Techniques for testing if food is ready include:
![Illustrative background for Knife/skewer test](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-05/9499f5a5-7ce7-4ab2-ac8d-e11a1c949d3f/shutterstock_520830322,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
![Illustrative background for Knife/skewer test ?? "content](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-05/9499f5a5-7ce7-4ab2-ac8d-e11a1c949d3f/shutterstock_520830322,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
Knife/skewer test
Knife/skewer test
- Technique - pierce foods like cakes with a knife or skewer. They're cooked if the knife/skewer is clean when you take it out.
![Illustrative background for Temperature probe test](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-05/b8eabded-1b55-46f9-bdf6-b735474d236c/shutterstock_478497859,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
![Illustrative background for Temperature probe test ?? "content](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-05/b8eabded-1b55-46f9-bdf6-b735474d236c/shutterstock_478497859,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
Temperature probe test
Temperature probe test
- Technique - pierce foods like meat with a temperature probe to check that they're hot enough.
![Illustrative background for Poke test](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-05/40a8ebdd-82b6-4bca-9deb-0943ab91978d/shutterstock_631083848,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
![Illustrative background for Poke test ?? "content](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-05/40a8ebdd-82b6-4bca-9deb-0943ab91978d/shutterstock_631083848,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
Poke test
Poke test
- Technique - press on cakes. They're cooked if they bounce back.
![Illustrative background for Visual colour check](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-03/18bcdb93-c2f8-418b-92c4-4d8c12a177a4/shutterstock_500960905,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
![Illustrative background for Visual colour check ?? "content](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-03/18bcdb93-c2f8-418b-92c4-4d8c12a177a4/shutterstock_500960905,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
Visual colour check
Visual colour check
- Technique - check the colour of baked goods like pastries. They should be golden brown once done.
![Illustrative background for Sound check](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-05/ec3969be-aa6b-49ad-8ced-fe667521473e/shutterstock_659213623,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
![Illustrative background for Sound check ?? "content](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-05/ec3969be-aa6b-49ad-8ced-fe667521473e/shutterstock_659213623,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
Sound check
Sound check
- Technique - tap on a bread roll. You'll hear a hollow sound if baked through.
![Illustrative background for Bite test](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-05/13895d57-5064-4af0-99f1-1159d1191685/shutterstock_792131245,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
![Illustrative background for Bite test ?? "content](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-05/13895d57-5064-4af0-99f1-1159d1191685/shutterstock_792131245,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
Bite test
Bite test
- Technique - taste foods like spaghetti or rice while cooking. You'll know they're cooked enough when they taste how you want them to.
Judge and Modify Sensory Properties
Judge and Modify Sensory Properties
Techniques for judging and modifying sensory properties include:
![Illustrative background for Changing taste and aroma](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-05/48eee5f2-0787-4cb4-9c60-ea6098d52b22/shutterstock_289098131,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
![Illustrative background for Changing taste and aroma ?? "content](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-05/48eee5f2-0787-4cb4-9c60-ea6098d52b22/shutterstock_289098131,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
Changing taste and aroma
Changing taste and aroma
- Things you can use to change the flavour of food:
- Spices.
- Herbs.
- Salt
- Reduction.
- Pastes.
- Pepper.
- Infusions (e.g. herb infused oils).
- Jus (juices from cooked meats).
![Illustrative background for Changing the texture](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-05/051f6db2-7670-47fe-988d-7a3d23372ddf/shutterstock_612016394,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
![Illustrative background for Changing the texture ?? "content](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-05/051f6db2-7670-47fe-988d-7a3d23372ddf/shutterstock_612016394,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
Changing the texture
Changing the texture
- Things you can add to change the texture of food:
- Crisp.
- Crust.
- Crumbs.
- E.g. making goujons by coating chicken strips in breadcrumbs.
![Illustrative background for Changing the flavour](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-05/48447c8f-064e-4fbf-9fb3-215eed0fa291/shutterstock_360748985,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
![Illustrative background for Changing the flavour ?? "content](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-05/48447c8f-064e-4fbf-9fb3-215eed0fa291/shutterstock_360748985,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
Changing the flavour
Changing the flavour
- Browning - two processes that brown food are dextrinisation and caramelisation. You can also brown food surfaces using a blowtorch.
- Glazing - you can brush foods with eggs to glaze them before cooking. The food will come out brown.
![Illustrative background for Presentation and food style](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-05/62a51404-c482-4a8d-af36-7ab14b7bd572/shutterstock_390054868,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
![Illustrative background for Presentation and food style ?? "content](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-05/62a51404-c482-4a8d-af36-7ab14b7bd572/shutterstock_390054868,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
Presentation and food style
Presentation and food style
- Garnishing - you can add a bit of colour or flavour by garnishing dishes.
- Examples - mint leaves, herbs like basil and coriander, edible flowers.
- Piping - a decorative technique.
- Example - icing on a cake.
1Food Preparation Skills
1.1Food Preparation Skills
1.1.1General Practical Skills
1.1.2Knife Skills
1.1.3Preparing Fruit, Vegetables & Using Equipment
1.1.4Cooking Methods: Prepare, Shape & Combine
1.1.5Sauce Making, Tenderising & Marinating
1.1.6Dough & Pastry
1.1.7Shaping & Finishing Dough
1.1.8Raising Agents & Mixtures
1.1.9End of Topic Test - Food Preparation Skills 1
2Food, Nutrition & Health
2.2Micronutrients
3Food Science
3.1Cooking of Food & Heat Transfer
3.2Functional & Chemical Properties of Food
4Food Safety
4.1Food Spoilage & Contamination
5Food Choice
5.1Factors Affecting Food Choice
5.2British & International Cuisines
6Food Provenance
6.1Environmental Impact & Sustainability of Food
6.1.1Food Sources - Intensive & Organic Farming
6.1.2Food Sources - Genetically Modified Crops
6.1.3Food Sources - Reared Food
6.1.4Food Sources - Caught Food
6.1.5Food & The Environment
6.1.6Food & The Environment 2
6.1.7Sustainability of Food
6.1.8Sustainability of Food 2
6.1.9End of Topic Test - Environmental Impacts
Jump to other topics
1Food Preparation Skills
1.1Food Preparation Skills
1.1.1General Practical Skills
1.1.2Knife Skills
1.1.3Preparing Fruit, Vegetables & Using Equipment
1.1.4Cooking Methods: Prepare, Shape & Combine
1.1.5Sauce Making, Tenderising & Marinating
1.1.6Dough & Pastry
1.1.7Shaping & Finishing Dough
1.1.8Raising Agents & Mixtures
1.1.9End of Topic Test - Food Preparation Skills 1
2Food, Nutrition & Health
2.2Micronutrients
3Food Science
3.1Cooking of Food & Heat Transfer
3.2Functional & Chemical Properties of Food
4Food Safety
4.1Food Spoilage & Contamination
5Food Choice
5.1Factors Affecting Food Choice
5.2British & International Cuisines
6Food Provenance
6.1Environmental Impact & Sustainability of Food
6.1.1Food Sources - Intensive & Organic Farming
6.1.2Food Sources - Genetically Modified Crops
6.1.3Food Sources - Reared Food
6.1.4Food Sources - Caught Food
6.1.5Food & The Environment
6.1.6Food & The Environment 2
6.1.7Sustainability of Food
6.1.8Sustainability of Food 2
6.1.9End of Topic Test - Environmental Impacts
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