Ireland

Tyrone's Rebellion

The Earl of Tyrone, Hugh O'Neill, led a rebellion against the Crown. Lasting for nine years, this rebellion seriously threatened Elizabeth's authority in Ireland.

Causes of rebellion

Relations between Ireland and England had been strained from when Edward VI started his policy of plantation (where the Crown took land in Ireland and colonised it with English settlers).
- So Ireland was England's first colony.
Hostility grew in response to this colonisation.
Ireland was also a Catholic country. Tensions developed following the English's attempts to impose Protestantism.
The Earl of Tyrone and other Irish lords wanted to rid Ireland of the English settlers.

Course of rebellion

The rebellion began in 1593.
In 1598, the Earl of Tyrone and his forces defeated English troops at the Battle of Yellow Ford.
The Earl of Essex was sent in 1599 to deal with the rebellion. But he failed to control the rebels in Ireland. He made a truce and returned to England without the queen’s consent.
Elizabeth I then sent Lord Mountjoy, who eventually defeated the rebellion in 1603.

Consequence of rebellion

The Earl of Essex's failure to stop Tyrone's rebellion led to his loss of influence at court. He proceeded to launch his own rebellion against the Crown in 1601.
Elizabeth I's successor, James I would deal with the leaders of the rebellion.

Impact of Tyrone's Rebellion

Tyrone's Rebellion exhausted England's economy. Following the defeat of the rebels, Protestants migrated to the Plantation of Ulster.

Significance of Tyrone’s Rebellion

Ireland had been part of England from 1541. The discontent in Ireland threatened Elizabeth as rebels began to seek alliances with the Spanish.
Morgan (2004): “Whereas Elizabeth began her reign with the allegiance and goodwill of the majority of the inhabitants of Ireland, by the time of her death she was left with a sullen and forced obedience”.

Cost of the war

Dealing with Tyrone’s Rebellion was more costly than the Spanish Armada. It cost around £2 million.

The plantation of Ulster

In 1607, Earls in Ulster fled.
In 1608, the lands of the Earls were confiscated. This became the heart of colonisation in Ireland.

1Monarch & Government

1.1Tudor Monarchs

1.1.1Henry VII

1.1.2Henry VIII

1.1.3Edward VI

1.1.4Mary I

1.1.5Elizabeth I

1.1.6Succession Disputes

1.2Changing Role of Parliament

1.2.1Parliament & Henry VII

1.2.2Parliament & Henry VIII

1.2.3Parliament After the Reformation

1.3Principal Servants to the Crown

1.3.1Principal Servants to the Crown

2Religious Changes

2.1Tudor Monarchs & Religious Change

2.1.1The Henrician Reformation

2.1.2Impact of Religious Change Under Henry VIII

2.1.3Religious Change Under Edward VI

2.1.4Religious Change Under Mary I

2.1.5Elizabethan Settlement

2.2Catholicism & Survival

2.2.1Popular Attitudes to Catholicism

2.2.2Catholicism Under Henry VIII

2.2.3Catholicism Under Elizabeth I

2.2.4Catholic Nobility

2.3Protestantism & Puritanism

2.3.1Protestant Influences

2.3.2Protestantism Under Edward VI

2.3.3Protestantism Under Elizabeth I

3State Control & Popular Resistance

3.1Tudor Control of the Country

3.1.1Councils

3.1.2Role of Nobility

3.1.3Justices of the Peace

3.1.4Lord Lieutenant

3.2The State & the Poor

3.2.1Reasons for Growth of Poverty

3.2.2Punishments for Paupers

3.2.3Role of Charities

3.3Resistance to Tudor Rule

3.3.1Resistance to Tax & Subsidies

3.3.2Uprisings Against Henry VIII

3.3.3Uprisings Against Edward VI

3.3.4Uprisings Against Elizabeth I

3.3.5Decline of Popular Resistance

4Economic, Social & Cultural Change

4.1Patterns of Domestic & Foreign Trade

4.1.1Wool & Cloth

4.1.2Exploration & Trade

4.2Changing Structure of Society

4.2.1Population

4.2.2Dissolution of Monasteries

4.2.3Enclosure

4.3Cultural Change

4.3.1Education & Literature

4.3.2Impact of Religious Change

4.3.3Patronage

4.3.4The Arts

4.3.5Cult of Gloriana

5Historical Interpretations

5.1Significance of Threats to National Security

5.1.1Spain

5.1.2The Spanish Armada

5.1.3Ireland

5.2Court Politics

5.2.1Court Factions

5.2.2Essex's Rebellion

5.3Elizabeth & Parliament

5.3.1Conflict with Parliament

5.4Social Distress in the 1590s

5.4.1Social Distress in the 1590s

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