Spain

Reasons for Poor Relations with Spain

Spain took control of Lisbon in 1581 and Philip became King of Portugal. Spain also had a strong position in the Americas. Growing tension between England and Spain during Elizabeth’s reign eventually led to war.

Philip II

Philip II of Spain had been married to Mary I, Elizabeth I’s sister. This had made him the joint monarch of England.
But Mary’s death in 1558 without a child prevented a unification of England and Spain under a Catholic monarch.
Although Philip proposed to Elizabeth I the year later, she never married him (or anyone).

Catholicism

Spain had remained Catholic throughout the years of the Reformation.
- Elizabeth I’s excommunication by the pope in 1570 also highlighted clear religious differences between the countries.

Conflict in the Netherlands

Philip II of Spain ruled the Netherlands. In 1581, Elizabeth I supported Protestant rebels financially, who created an independent Dutch state in the Netherlands.
In 1585, she gave even more support, signing the Treaty of Nonsuch. This gave military support to the Dutch rebels and promised that England would protect them.
Elizabeth I signed the treaty because England relied on Dutch ports for trade, Elizabeth I wanted to support Protestants and Spain was growing very powerful.

Robert Dudley

In December 1585, Robert Dudley led English forces in the Netherlands after William of Orange's death.
He led 7,000 troops and became "Governor-General" provoking Philip because an Englishman had accepted a title implying he ruled the Netherlands.
Dudley (the Earl of Leicester) used bad strategies with a badly-equipped, under-funded army. He resigned in 1587 after many military defeats. The war in the Netherlands was lost.

English privateers

English privateers like Sir Francis Drake traded with Spain’s American colonies. These privateers raided Spanish boats and stole their treasure.
Although they were not officially British, some of the privateers’ loot went to Elizabeth I. The treasure received from Sir Francis Drake in 1580 was enormous.

Naval Warfare with Spain

Henry VIII had built up a navy of fighting vessels to protect England. This growth continued under Elizabeth I and John Hawkins, her naval commander. Philip II tried to keep up. He thought that the Treaty of Nonsuch was England's declaration of war.

The raid on Cadiz

At sea, Sir Francis Drake and others raided Spanish ports and ships, including at Cadiz in 1587. This was supported by Elizabeth I who suspected that Philip was preparing for war.
He destroyed 25-35 Spanish ships during this incident and harmed their building of their Armada, which was happening down the coast in Lisbon.

The raid on Cadiz cont.

Wood for food storage on the Armada was damaged in the raid. This meant that food and water couldn't be stored well on the journey to England. Lots of food rotted en route.
The raid on Cadiz became known as the ‘singeing of the King of Spain’s beard’. It delayed the Armada by more than 12 months.

Line of battle

During navy battles, a tactic called ‘line of battle’ was used. Ships, in a single line formation, fired together on the enemy. Surprise raids were also a common tactic.
‘Fireships’ were used, where an old ship was set ablaze and sent into the middle of the enemy. These tactics caused great panic.

New technology

New technologies, such as lateen sails, allowed speed and agility, and more precise performance in battles and raids. More powerful cannons allowed more accurate fire at longer ranges.
Elizabeth I encouraged the sailors because she wanted the treasures they had stolen to enrich England.

Bad Spanish tactics

Spain's navy tried to board enemy ships and fight man to man.
English ships could simply stay out of range, stopping Spanish troops boarding. Then, they could fire cannonballs (broadsides) to sink Spanish ships.
Spain's sailors were also generally less experienced in warfare at sea (naval warfare) than the English sailors.

1Monarch & Government

1.1Tudor Monarchs

1.1.1Henry VII

1.1.2Henry VIII

1.1.3Edward VI

1.1.4Mary I

1.1.5Elizabeth I

1.1.6Succession Disputes

1.2Changing Role of Parliament

1.2.1Parliament & Henry VII

1.2.2Parliament & Henry VIII

1.2.3Parliament After the Reformation

1.3Principal Servants to the Crown

1.3.1Principal Servants to the Crown

2Religious Changes

2.1Tudor Monarchs & Religious Change

2.1.1The Henrician Reformation

2.1.2Impact of Religious Change Under Henry VIII

2.1.3Religious Change Under Edward VI

2.1.4Religious Change Under Mary I

2.1.5Elizabethan Settlement

2.2Catholicism & Survival

2.2.1Popular Attitudes to Catholicism

2.2.2Catholicism Under Henry VIII

2.2.3Catholicism Under Elizabeth I

2.2.4Catholic Nobility

2.3Protestantism & Puritanism

2.3.1Protestant Influences

2.3.2Protestantism Under Edward VI

2.3.3Protestantism Under Elizabeth I

3State Control & Popular Resistance

3.1Tudor Control of the Country

3.1.1Councils

3.1.2Role of Nobility

3.1.3Justices of the Peace

3.1.4Lord Lieutenant

3.2The State & the Poor

3.2.1Reasons for Growth of Poverty

3.2.2Punishments for Paupers

3.2.3Role of Charities

3.3Resistance to Tudor Rule

3.3.1Resistance to Tax & Subsidies

3.3.2Uprisings Against Henry VIII

3.3.3Uprisings Against Edward VI

3.3.4Uprisings Against Elizabeth I

3.3.5Decline of Popular Resistance

4Economic, Social & Cultural Change

4.1Patterns of Domestic & Foreign Trade

4.1.1Wool & Cloth

4.1.2Exploration & Trade

4.2Changing Structure of Society

4.2.1Population

4.2.2Dissolution of Monasteries

4.2.3Enclosure

4.3Cultural Change

4.3.1Education & Literature

4.3.2Impact of Religious Change

4.3.3Patronage

4.3.4The Arts

4.3.5Cult of Gloriana

5Historical Interpretations

5.1Significance of Threats to National Security

5.1.1Spain

5.1.2The Spanish Armada

5.1.3Ireland

5.2Court Politics

5.2.1Court Factions

5.2.2Essex's Rebellion

5.3Elizabeth & Parliament

5.3.1Conflict with Parliament

5.4Social Distress in the 1590s

5.4.1Social Distress in the 1590s

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