Councils

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The Council of Wales and the Marches

The Council of Wales and the Marches is one of the earliest forms of regional government in England.

Origins of the Council

The Council was first established by Edward IV in 1472.
The Council was designed to manage the finances of the Prince of Wales.
In 1473, the remit of the Council expanded to include maintaining law in Wales.

The Council Under Henry VIII

Under Henry VIII, the Council gained more power and governed the area with greater repression.
The president of the Council, Rowland Lee, was renowned for his draconian measures.
The Act of Union (1536) brought Wales into English legal and government systems.
- Wales was divided into three shires with JPs appointed by the king and given 24 MPs.
In 1542, the Laws in Wales Act gave the Council statutory recognition.
The Council gained greater control in governing the area.

The Council of the North

The Council of the North was used by the Tudors to maintain control of the northern region. The Council was reinvigorated after the Pilgrimage of Grace.

Origins of the Council

The Council was first established by Edward IV in 1472.
The Council was based in Yorkshire.

Reasons for Henry VII using the Council

The Council of the North was used to maintain law and order (like the Council of Wales).
Henry VII was particularly concerned about gaining the allegiance of the North (the Yorkist stronghold).

Recreation under Henry VIII

Following the Pilgrimage of Grace, the Council of the North had a renewed importance.
Henry VIII hoped that the Council would help reduce resistance to the Reformation.
The Council was responsible for serving justice in the area.

Council of the North under Elizabeth I

From 1572, it was led by the Earl of Huntingdon, a committed Protestant. He took over from the Earl of Sussex.
Huntingdon took over after the Northern Rebellion and Ridolfi plot. He made sure increasingly harsh measures suppressing Catholics were implemented.

1Monarch & Government

1.1Tudor Monarchs

1.1.1Henry VII

1.1.2Henry VIII

1.1.3Edward VI

1.1.4Mary I

1.1.5Elizabeth I

1.1.6Succession Disputes

1.2Changing Role of Parliament

1.2.1Parliament & Henry VII

1.2.2Parliament & Henry VIII

1.2.3Parliament After the Reformation

1.3Principal Servants to the Crown

1.3.1Principal Servants to the Crown

2Religious Changes

2.1Tudor Monarchs & Religious Change

2.1.1The Henrician Reformation

2.1.2Impact of Religious Change Under Henry VIII

2.1.3Religious Change Under Edward VI

2.1.4Religious Change Under Mary I

2.1.5Elizabethan Settlement

2.2Catholicism & Survival

2.2.1Popular Attitudes to Catholicism

2.2.2Catholicism Under Henry VIII

2.2.3Catholicism Under Elizabeth I

2.2.4Catholic Nobility

2.3Protestantism & Puritanism

2.3.1Protestant Influences

2.3.2Protestantism Under Edward VI

2.3.3Protestantism Under Elizabeth I

3State Control & Popular Resistance

3.1Tudor Control of the Country

3.1.1Councils

3.1.2Role of Nobility

3.1.3Justices of the Peace

3.1.4Lord Lieutenant

3.2The State & the Poor

3.2.1Reasons for Growth of Poverty

3.2.2Punishments for Paupers

3.2.3Role of Charities

3.3Resistance to Tudor Rule

3.3.1Resistance to Tax & Subsidies

3.3.2Uprisings Against Henry VIII

3.3.3Uprisings Against Edward VI

3.3.4Uprisings Against Elizabeth I

3.3.5Decline of Popular Resistance

4Economic, Social & Cultural Change

4.1Patterns of Domestic & Foreign Trade

4.1.1Wool & Cloth

4.1.2Exploration & Trade

4.2Changing Structure of Society

4.2.1Population

4.2.2Dissolution of Monasteries

4.2.3Enclosure

4.3Cultural Change

4.3.1Education & Literature

4.3.2Impact of Religious Change

4.3.3Patronage

4.3.4The Arts

4.3.5Cult of Gloriana

5Historical Interpretations

5.1Significance of Threats to National Security

5.1.1Spain

5.1.2The Spanish Armada

5.1.3Ireland

5.2Court Politics

5.2.1Court Factions

5.2.2Essex's Rebellion

5.3Elizabeth & Parliament

5.3.1Conflict with Parliament

5.4Social Distress in the 1590s

5.4.1Social Distress in the 1590s

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