3.4.4

Montagu, Haig & Linlithgow

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Colonial Administrators in India, 1914-1947

The British had claimed defence of national freedoms as their reason for fighting in WW1. It appeared hypocritical of them to not give some degree of home-rule to India after this.

Edwin Montagu

Edwin Montagu

  • In 1919, when Montagu was the Secretary of State for India, parliament passed the India Act from Westminster.
  • The act created a 'diarchy' in India where power was split (unevenly) between Indian and British political bodies. This involved:
    • De-centralised administration of some Indian people (giving more power to the provinces).
    • Implementing quotas for Indian people in some parts of government.
    • The enfranchisement of some Indian people (wealthy and educated) who could elect Indian representatives.
  • Overall though, the effects did not come close to meeting the hopes of the Indian nationalists.
Lord Linlithgow

Lord Linlithgow

  • From 1935 to 1943, Lord Linlithgow served as the Viceroy of India.
  • Linlithgow actively promoted the enfranchisement of more Indians in the Government of India Act of 1935.
    • This act granted more power to the provinces than the 1919 act, ending the 'diarchy' established by Montagu.
    • It also enfranchised more than 35 million Indians, meaning 3x more people could now vote in elections.
    • He believed that piecemeal reform would weaken the nationalist movement and quiet its most vocal members.
Lord Linlithgow and the independence movement

Lord Linlithgow and the independence movement

  • However, Linlithgow's attempts to create unity through reform backfired and ended up having the opposite effect.
  • The Congress Party and the Muslim League rejected his proposals for reform in 1940, which did not go far enough in their eyes.
  • This prompted the rise of Indian civil disobedience campaigning which Linlithgow then suppressed with vigour.
    • Tens of thousands of Indians were imprisoned for acts of civil disobedience.
    • Litlingow took measures to restrict the INC's ability to organise campaigns by monitoring members and censoring the press.
The Quit India Movement

The Quit India Movement

  • Indians blamed Linlithgow for division and a lack of economic development.
  • Historians argue that Linlithgow's reactionary and repressive approach to the INC and their campaigning hastened the collapse of the British Raj.
Jump to other topics
1

High Water Mark of the British Empire, 1857-1914

1.1

Development of Imperialism, 1857-1890

1.1.1Empires over Time1.1.2Key Questions About Empires1.1.3Expansion into Africa1.1.4History of Egypt1.1.5Control of Egypt1.1.6Control of Sudan
1.2

Imperial & Colonial Policy, 1857-1890

1.2.1The British Empire & India1.2.2The British Raj1.2.3International Relations with other Powers1.2.4Scramble for Africa1.2.5The Informal Empire
1.3

Trade & Commerce, 1857-1890

1.3.1Trade & Commerce in the Empire1.3.2Infrastructure of Trade & Commerce1.3.3Products of Trade & Commerce
1.4

Attitudes Towards the Empire, 1857-1890

1.4.1Explorers1.4.2Missionaries1.4.3Traders & Colonial Administrators1.4.4Government Attitudes Towards Imperialism
1.5

Relations with Indigenous Peoples, 1857-1890

1.5.1Relations with India1.5.2Relations with South Africa1.5.3British-Boer Relations
2

Imperial Consolidation & Liberal Rule, 1890-1914

2.1

Consolidation & Expansion in Africa, 1890-1914

2.1.1Consolidation & Expansion into Africa2.1.2Consolidation & Expansion in South Africa2.1.3Historical Interpretations: Expansion into Africa
2.2

Imperial & Colonial Policy, 1890-1914

2.2.1Policy in India2.2.2Policy in Egypt2.2.3Native Policy in Colonies2.2.4International Relations with Other Powers
2.3

Trade & Commerce, 1890-1914

2.3.1The Benefits of Trade2.3.2Costs of the Empire2.3.3Debates Over Trade
2.4

Attitudes Towards the Empire, 1890-1914

2.4.1Key Administrators - Chamberlain & Rhodes2.4.2Key Administrators - Baring & Milner2.4.3Key Administrators - Curzon2.4.4Government Attitudes to the Empire2.4.5National Efficiency & the Boer War2.4.6Popular Attitudes Towards Imperialism
2.5

Relations with Indigenous Peoples, 1890-1914

2.5.1Challenges in India2.5.2Challenges in Africa2.5.3Challenges in South Africa2.5.4Historical Interpretations of the Boer War2.5.5Relations & Business with Iran
3

Imperialism Challenged, 1914-1967

3.1

Expansion & Contraction of Empire, 1914-1947

3.1.1Impact of WW13.1.2Palestine3.1.3Ireland & WW13.1.4Impact of WW2 on the British Empire
3.2

Colonial Policy & Administration, 1914-1947

3.2.1Administration in India & Palestine3.2.2Administration in Iraq & the Dominions3.2.3Imperial Defence
3.3

Trade, Commerce & Economic Impact of War

3.3.1Economic Impact of WW13.3.2Inter-War Trade & Commerce3.3.3Economic Impact of WW2
3.4

Attitudes Towards the Empire, 1890-1914

3.4.1Colonial Administrators3.4.2Trusteeship3.4.3Gandhi3.4.4Montagu, Haig & Linlithgow3.4.5Cameron, Mitchell, Cohen & Furse - African Admins3.4.6Imperialist Ideals
3.5

Relations with Indigenous Peoples, 1914-1947

3.5.1Ireland & India 1914-19473.5.2The Middle East and Africa
4

The Wind of Change, 1947-1967

4.1

Decolonisation in Africa & Asia, 1947-1967

4.1.1Reasons for Decolonisation4.1.2Decolonisation in East & West Africa4.1.3Decolonisation in Central & South Africa4.1.4Decolonisation in Asia
4.2

Colonial Policy & Administration, 1947-1967

4.2.1Relations & Business with Iran after WW24.2.2The 'Winds of Change'4.2.3The Suez Canal Crisis - 19564.2.4International Relations 1947-1967
4.3

Trade & Commerce, 1947-1967

4.3.1The Economic Impact of WW2
4.4

Attitudes Towards the Empire, 1947-1967

4.4.1Colonial Administrators: Cohen & Arden-Clarke4.4.2Local Leaders in the Independence Movement4.4.3Pan-Africanism in Nationalism
4.5

Post-Colonial Ties, 1947-1967

4.5.1Windrush & Immigration4.5.2Commonwealth Immigrants Act4.5.3Residual Impact of the Empire
4.6

Relations with Indigenous Peoples, 1947-1967

4.6.1Challenges to Colonial Rule Post 19474.6.2Kenya & the Mau Mau Uprising4.6.3Nigeria & Rhodesia

Practice questions on Montagu, Haig & Linlithgow

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  1. 1
    What was the impact of the 1919 India Act?Fill in the list
  2. 2
    Which of these is NOT a method Lord Linlithgow used to suppress Indian civil disobedience?Multiple choice
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Gandhi

Cameron, Mitchell, Cohen & Furse - African Admins