Programming Paradigms

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Programming Paradigms

There are several different types of programming paradigms to help us solve different types of problems.

Programming paradigms

A programming paradigm is a way of coding to solve a problem.
We have 4 types of paradigm and each one is geared towards certain types of situations.
Within each paradigm there are many different programming languages that all offer different things to each other.
Some programming languages can be used for more than one paradigm.

Procedural programming

Procedural programming is the most common paradigm of programming language.
Procedural languages have built in simple data types like string, char, boolean, int and real.
Procedural languages focus on a set of instructions that are followed through to achieve a desired outcome at the end.
Python is foremost a procedural language.

Object orientated programming

Object orientated programming came about as developers needed to model real world items that could be copied over and over again but given different attributes.
An object “class” is set up and shows the attributes (such as colour of a car) and its behaviours (such as engine_start), this class is a blueprint for creating an object.
Once a class is defined, it can be reused to create “instances” of the object as many times as the developer needs.
Java and Python are object orientated languages.

Declarative programming

Declarative languages use statements to describe a problem to be solved instead of how to solve the problem.
The statements are given to the programming language engine, it then figures out how to solve the problem and return a result.
SQL is a declarative language.

Functional programming

In functional programming, functions (not procedures) are the blocks we build programs out of.
Functions are different to procedures as they have to follow set rules:
They must take in valid inputs, return an output, and not have any side effects.
Haskell and Python are examples of languages that can be functional languages.

Procedural Programming Languages

Procedural languages are the most common type of programming language.

Procedural languages

Procedural languages have become more popular.
Procedural languages now have many libraries of pre-compiled code to use.
- This speeds up the programming process.
Netflix use the python programming language to manage their systems.

Data types and structures

Procedural languages have built in basic data types such as strings, integers, real numbers, boolean and char.
Procedural languages also have advanced data structures such as arrays, stacks and queues.

Procedures

Procedural language programs are built up of procedures that perform an action.
The procedures are reusable and make it quicker to program.

1Components of a Computer

1.1Structure & Function of the Processor

1.1.1Structure of the CPU

1.1.2Fetch, Decode, Execute Cycle

1.1.3Factors Affecting CPU Performance

1.1.4CPU Architecture

1.2Types of Processors

1.2.1CISC & RISC

1.2.2Multicore & Parallel Cores

1.3Input, Output & Storage

1.3.1Computer Systems

1.3.2Magnetic Storage

1.3.3Optical Storage

1.3.4Types of Optical Storage

1.3.5Types of Memory

1.3.6Flash Memory

1.3.7Virtual Memory

2Software & Software Development

3Exchanging Data

4Data Types, Data Structures & Algorithms

4.1Data Types

4.1.1Data Types

4.1.2Arrays & Strings

4.1.3Representing Numbers

4.1.4Binary Arithmetic

4.1.5Hexadecimal

4.1.6Converting Binary Numbers

4.1.7Floating Points in Binary

4.1.8Floating Point Arithmetic

4.1.9Bitwise Manipulation

4.1.10Character Sets

4.2Data Structures

4.2.1Arrays, Linked Lists & Queues

4.2.2Graphs, Hash Tables & Stacks

4.2.3Trees

4.3Boolean Algebra

4.3.1Computational Logic

4.3.2Boolean Logic

4.3.3Karnaugh Maps

4.3.4Boolean Identities

4.3.5Flip Flops & Adder Circuits

5Legal, Moral, Cultural & Ethical Issues

5.1Computing Related Legislation

5.1.1Data Protection Act (1998)

5.1.2Computer Misuse Act (1990)

5.1.3Copyright Designs and Patents Act (1988)

5.1.4Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act (2000)

5.2Moral & Ethical Issues

5.2.1Online Activity Tracking

5.2.2Censorship

5.2.3Cultural Issues

5.2.4Environmental Issues

5.2.5Layout, Colour Paradigms & Character Sets

6Elements of Computational Thinking

6.1Thinking Abstractly

6.1.1Abstraction

6.2Thinking Procedurally

6.2.1Decomposition

6.3Thinking Logically

6.3.1Pseudocode & Flow Diagrams

7Problem Solving & Programming

7.1Programming Techniques

7.1.1Programming Fundamentals

7.1.2Modularity

7.2Programming Construction

7.2.1Integrated Development Environments

7.2.2Testing

8Algorithms

8.1Algorithms

8.1.1Interpreting, Correcting & Completing Algorithm

8.1.2Sort Algorithms

8.1.3Insertion & Merge Sort

8.1.4Search Algorithms

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