Empty & Broken

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Vac - Empty

Words beginning with 'vac' generally mean being empty.

Vacate

To vacate means to leave somewhere so that it becomes empty (of people).
- Example: When the fire alarm went off, the workers vacated the building immediately.
- Alternative: When the fire alarm went off, the workers cleared out of the building immediately.

Vacuum

A vacuum is a space with no matter in it. A vacuum also means a lack of something.
- Example: Outer space is a vacuum.
- Alternative: There is no matter in outer space.

Vacuous

Vacuous means empty. When used to talk about people, vacuous can mean unintelligent ('empty' headed).
- Example: My grandma had a vacuous expression on her face when I opened the door.
- Alternative: My grandma had an empty expression on her face when I opened the door.

Frac - Breaking

Words beginning with 'frac' or 'frag' generally refer to breaking.

Fracture

To fracture is to crack or break. A fracture is a crack or break in a hard object.
- Example: Kenji fractured his clavicle playing rugby.
- Alternative: Kenji broke his collarbone playing rugby.

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Fraction

A fraction is a small portion of the whole. Think of a fraction like a broken off bit of a broken whole!
In maths, a fraction is a broken up whole number.
- Example: She closed her eyes for a fraction of a second but still missed seeing the bird.
- Alternative: She closed her eyes for a split second but still missed seeing the bird.
- Example: $\frac{1}{2}$ is a fraction.

Fragment

To fragment is to break something up into pieces.
A fragment is a broken off piece of something.
- Example: The shop floor was covered in fragments of glass.
- Alternative: The shop floor was covered in pieces of glass.

Dur - Hard

Words beginning with 'dur' generally refer to something being hard or lasting.

Duration

Duration is the length of time something lasts.
- Example: I slept for the duration of the maths class.
- Alternative: I slept for the length of the maths class.

During

During either means from the start to finish of a specific time period (while a time period 'lasts') or at some point during a specific time period.
- Example: During Ramadan, most Muslims fast.
- Alternative: Throughout Ramadan, most Muslims fast.
- Example: The police officer was shot during the raid.
- Alternative: The police officer was shot at some point in the raid.

Durable

Something that's durable can last a long time.
- Example: I'm glad I bought these boots - they're made of such durable leather!
- Alternative: I'm glad I bought these boots - they're made of such long-lasting leather!

Duress

Duress are threats ('hard' actions) or other violent actions used to get people to do things against their will.
- Example: The robber committed the crime under duress.
- Alternative: The robber committed the crime under pressure.

1Spelling

1.1Spelling

1.1.1Hard 'U' & 'I' Sounds

1.1.2Words Ending in '-sure', & '-mure'

1.1.3Words Ending in '-sion'

1.1.4'Ei', 'Eigh' & 'Ey' Spellings

1.1.5Spelling Words with 'Ch'

1.1.6Spelling Words with 'Sc'

1.1.7Silent Letters

1.1.8i Before e Rule

1.1.9Hard & Soft 'c' Sounds

1.1.10End of Topic Test - Spelling

1.2Prefixes

1.2.1'Anti-' & 'Auto-'

1.2.2Not & 'Inter-'

1.2.3'Mis-', 'Dis-' & 'Re-'

1.2.4'Sub-' & 'Super-'

1.2.5End of Topic Test - Prefixes

1.3Suffixes

1.3.1Vowel Suffixes

1.3.2Short Vowel Suffixes

1.3.3Suffixes: '-ous'

1.3.4Rules for Suffixes: '-ous'

1.3.5Rules for Suffixes: '-ous' 2

1.3.6Suffixes: '-ly'

1.3.7Suffixes: '-ation'

1.3.8Suffixes: '-ation' 2

1.3.9Spelling: '-tion' Endings

1.3.10Spelling: '-sion' Endings

1.3.11Spelling: '-ssion' Endings

1.3.12Spelling: '-cian' Endings

1.3.13End of Topic Test - Suffixes

1.3.14End of Topic Test - Spelling

1.4Making Words Plural

1.4.1Plurals

1.4.2End of Topic Test - Plurals

1.5Homophones

1.6Word Meanings

1.6.1Homonyms

1.6.2End of Topic Test - Homonyms

2Punctuation

3Grammar

3.1Word Classes

3.1.1Nouns

3.1.2Pronouns

3.1.3Verbs

3.1.4Adjectives & Adverbs

3.1.5Qualifiers & Quantifiers

3.1.6Determiners

3.1.7Prepositions

3.1.8Synonyms & Antonyms

3.1.9End of Topic Test - Word Classes

3.2Conjunctions

3.2.1Coordinating Conjunctions

3.2.2Subordinating Conjunctions

3.2.3End of Topic Test - Conjunctions

3.3Writing Coherently

3.3.1Building Cohesion in Writing

3.3.2Avoiding Ambiguity in Writing

3.3.3End of Topic Test - Cohesion

3.4Verbs

3.4.1Subject-verb Agreement

3.4.2End of Topic Test - Subject-verb

3.5Modal Verbs

3.5.1Modal Verbs

3.5.2Can & Could

3.5.3May & Might

3.5.4Should & Shall

3.5.5Will & Would

3.5.6Must & Have To

3.5.7End of Topic Test - Modals

3.6Phrasal Verbs

3.6.1Phrasal Verbs

3.6.2End of Topic Test - Phrasal Verbs

3.7Subjunctive Verbs

3.7.1Subjunctive Verbs

3.7.2End of Topic Test - Verbs

3.8Sentences

3.8.1Subject of a Sentence

3.8.2Object of a Sentence

3.8.3Main & Subordinate Clauses

3.8.4Simple Sentences & Compound Sentences

3.8.5Complex Sentences

3.8.6Relative Clauses

3.8.7Relative Clauses Without Relative Pronouns

3.8.8Participle Clauses

3.8.9Run-on Sentences

3.8.10Sentence Functions

3.8.11End of Topic Test - Sentences

3.9Tenses

3.9.1Present Tense

3.9.2Past Tense

3.9.3Past Tense Using Have

3.9.4Future Tense

3.9.5Present vs Past vs Future

3.9.6Continuity of Tenses

3.9.7End of Topic Test - Tenses

3.10Adverbials

3.10.1Adverbial

3.10.2Saying Where & When

3.10.3Saying How Often

3.10.4Saying How & Why

3.10.5Using Commas for Fronted Adverbials

3.10.6End of Topic Test - Adverbials

3.11Language Techniques

3.11.1Figurative & Emotive Language

3.11.2Active & Passive Voice

3.11.3Idiomatic Expressions

3.11.4End of Topic Test - Language Techniques

4Decoding Words

4.1Common Word Roots

4.1.1Saving

4.1.2Certainty & Clarity

4.1.3New & Alone

4.1.4Believing & Thinking

4.1.5Carrying & Leading

4.1.6Shape & Place

4.1.7Doing & Making

4.1.8Climbing & Going

4.1.9End of Topic Test - Common Root Words

4.1.10End of Topic Test - Common Root Words 2

4.2Common Prefixes

4.2.1For & Against

4.2.2All & Same

4.2.3Away & Far

4.2.4Colour & Shape

4.2.5Back & Down

4.2.6Numbers

4.2.7Across & Through

4.2.8Life & Earth

4.2.9Empty & Broken

4.2.10Great & Greater

4.2.11Hearing & Speaking

4.2.12Apart & Together

4.2.13Over & Under

4.2.14In

4.2.15Less & Smaller

4.2.16Before & After

4.2.17End of Topic Test - Common Prefixes 2

4.2.18End of Topic Test - Common Prefixes

4.3Common Suffixes

4.3.1Characterised By

4.3.2Disease

4.3.3Lover & Lacking

4.3.4Belief & Study

4.3.5People

4.3.6State & Quality

4.3.7Sound & Colour

4.3.8Capable & Relating

4.3.9End of Topic Test - Common Suffixes

4.3.10End of Topic Test - Common Suffixes 2

5Reading & Writing

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