5.3.11
Decelerations
Work Done when Braking
Work Done when Braking
When we push the brake pedal, brake pads are pressed onto the wheels. This contact causes friction. This causes work to be done. The work done between the brakes and the wheels converts (changes) energy from kinetic energy in the wheels to thermal energy in the brakes. The temperature of the brakes then increases.
Higher speed
Higher speed
- The greater the speed of a vehicle, the greater the braking force needed to stop the vehicle before a certain distance.
- This means that more work needs to be done on the brakes to stop the car.
Higher mass
Higher mass
- The greater the mass of the vehicle, the greater the braking force needed to stop the vehicle. This means that more work needs to be done on the brakes to stop the car.
Higher grip
Higher grip
- For the same work done, the stopping distance will decrease if the force (grip) between the road and the vehicle increases.
Estimating forces
Estimating forces
- When a car comes to a stop, the work done by the brakes must equal the initial kinetic energy of the car.
- Work done = initial kinetic energy.
- F d = 1⁄2 m v2.
- We can use this equation to estimate the force applied by the brakes.
Dangers of Large Decelerations
Dangers of Large Decelerations
The greater the braking force, the greater the deceleration of the vehicle. Large decelerations can cause brakes to overheat and/or the car to skid. A larger deceleration will transfer more stopping force to passengers. This harms passengers. Compare these situations:
Traffic lights
Traffic lights
- When a typical family car decelerates at a set of traffic lights, only a small force is exerted on (applied to) the passengers.
- This is because the deceleration happens over a long period of time.
- The force should not be enough to harm the passengers.
Emergency stop
Emergency stop
- When a typical family car suddenly stops on the road to avoid a collision, a greater force is exerted on (applied to) the passengers.
- This is because the deceleration happens over a shorter period of time.
Crash
Crash
- When a typical family car suddenly is stopped by a crash, an even greater force is applied to the passengers than the last example.
- This is because the deceleration happens in even less time.
- This could harm passengers.
1Energy
1.1Energy Changes
1.1.1Energy Stores
1.1.2Calculating Changes in Energy
1.1.3Changes in Kinetic Energy - Calculations
1.1.4Changes in GPE - Calculations
1.1.5Changes in EPE - Calculations
1.1.6Energy Transfers
1.1.7Mechanical Work Done
1.1.8Mechanical Work - Calculations
1.1.9Electrical Work Done
1.1.10Electrical Work Done- Calculations
1.2Energy Losses & Efficiency
2Electricity
2.1Electric Charge
2.2Resistance & Electrical Work
2.3Electric Circuits
2.4Electricity in Homes
2.5Static Electricity
3Particle Model of Matter
3.1States of Matter
3.2Heat
4Atoms & Radiation
4.1Atoms
4.2Radiation
4.2.1Radioactive Decay
4.2.2Radioactive Decay 2
4.2.3Types of Radioactive Emission
4.2.4Fission & Fusion
4.2.5Radioactive Decay Equations
4.2.6Radio. decay equations - Calculations
4.2.7Half Lives & Ionising Radiation
4.2.8Half Life - Calculations
4.2.9Uses & Dangers of Radiation
4.2.10Uses & Dangers of Radiation 2
4.2.11End of Topic Test - Atoms & Radiation
4.2.12Grade 9 - Radiation
4.2.13Exam-Style Questions - Radioactive Decay
5Forces
5.1Basics of Motion
5.2Forces
5.2.1Gravity
5.2.2Gravity - Calculations
5.2.3Resultant Forces
5.2.4Newton Second Law - Calculations
5.2.5Force Diagrams
5.2.6Free Body Diagrams - Calculations
5.2.7Stretching a Spring
5.2.8Hooke's Law
5.2.9Hooke's Law - Calculations
5.2.10Elastic Potential Energy
5.2.11Elastic Potential - Calculations
5.2.12Exam-Style Questions - Elastic Potential Energy
5.3Effects of Forces
6Waves
6.1Wave Basics
6.2Waves at a Boundary
6.3Sound Waves
6.4Electromagnetic Waves
7Magnetism
7.1Magnetism Basics
7.2Electromagnetism
Jump to other topics
1Energy
1.1Energy Changes
1.1.1Energy Stores
1.1.2Calculating Changes in Energy
1.1.3Changes in Kinetic Energy - Calculations
1.1.4Changes in GPE - Calculations
1.1.5Changes in EPE - Calculations
1.1.6Energy Transfers
1.1.7Mechanical Work Done
1.1.8Mechanical Work - Calculations
1.1.9Electrical Work Done
1.1.10Electrical Work Done- Calculations
1.2Energy Losses & Efficiency
2Electricity
2.1Electric Charge
2.2Resistance & Electrical Work
2.3Electric Circuits
2.4Electricity in Homes
2.5Static Electricity
3Particle Model of Matter
3.1States of Matter
3.2Heat
4Atoms & Radiation
4.1Atoms
4.2Radiation
4.2.1Radioactive Decay
4.2.2Radioactive Decay 2
4.2.3Types of Radioactive Emission
4.2.4Fission & Fusion
4.2.5Radioactive Decay Equations
4.2.6Radio. decay equations - Calculations
4.2.7Half Lives & Ionising Radiation
4.2.8Half Life - Calculations
4.2.9Uses & Dangers of Radiation
4.2.10Uses & Dangers of Radiation 2
4.2.11End of Topic Test - Atoms & Radiation
4.2.12Grade 9 - Radiation
4.2.13Exam-Style Questions - Radioactive Decay
5Forces
5.1Basics of Motion
5.2Forces
5.2.1Gravity
5.2.2Gravity - Calculations
5.2.3Resultant Forces
5.2.4Newton Second Law - Calculations
5.2.5Force Diagrams
5.2.6Free Body Diagrams - Calculations
5.2.7Stretching a Spring
5.2.8Hooke's Law
5.2.9Hooke's Law - Calculations
5.2.10Elastic Potential Energy
5.2.11Elastic Potential - Calculations
5.2.12Exam-Style Questions - Elastic Potential Energy
5.3Effects of Forces
6Waves
6.1Wave Basics
6.2Waves at a Boundary
6.3Sound Waves
6.4Electromagnetic Waves
7Magnetism
7.1Magnetism Basics
7.2Electromagnetism
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