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Electric Current - Direct and Alternating

There are two types of electric current.

Direct current (d.c)

The electric current flows in only one direction.
Batteries and cells are sources of direct current.

Alternating current (a.c)

The electric current repeatedly changes direction.
In the UK, the electricity from the plug sockets is a source of alternating current.
- This mains electricity supply has a frequency of 50 Hz and is about 230 V.

Mains Electricity

Most electrical appliances are connected to the mains using a three-core cable (a cable containing 3 wires). The wires are colour-coded. The colour tells you the wire's purpose.

Live wire is brown

The live wire is brown and carries a 230V potential.
It provides the alternating potential difference from the mains electricity supply.

Neutral wire is blue

The neutral wire is blue.
It is at or close to earth potential (which is 0V).
It completes the circuit and carries current away from the appliance.

Earth wire has green and yellow stripes

The earth wire has green and yellow stripes.
It has a 0V potential and only carries a current if there is a fault.
It is a safety wire to stop the appliance becoming live.

1Energy

2Electricity

3Particle Model of Matter

3.1States of Matter

3.1.1Atomic Structure

3.1.2Atomic Structure 2

3.1.3Density

3.1.4Density - Calculations

3.1.5Changes of State

3.1.6Exam-Style Questions - Density

3.2Heat

3.2.1Internal Energy

3.2.2Heat Capacities

3.2.3Internal Energy - Calculations

3.2.4Latent Heat

3.2.5Latent Heat - Calculations

3.2.6Latent Heat Experiments

3.3Particle Motion in Gases

3.3.1Particle Motion in Gases

3.3.2Particle Motion in Gases 2

3.3.3End of Topic Test - Particle Model of Matter

3.3.4Grade 9 - Particle Model of Matter

3.3.5Exam-Style Questions - Specific Heat Capacity

4Atoms & Radiation

4.1Atoms

4.1.1Atomic Model

4.1.2Atomic Model 2

4.1.3Atoms & Ions

4.1.4Isotopes

4.1.5Exam-Style Questions - Atomic Structure

4.2Radiation

4.2.1Radioactive Decay

4.2.2Radioactive Decay 2

4.2.3Types of Radioactive Emission

4.2.4Fission & Fusion

4.2.5Radioactive Decay Equations

4.2.6Radio. decay equations - Calculations

4.2.7Half Lives & Ionising Radiation

4.2.8Half Life - Calculations

4.2.9Uses & Dangers of Radiation

4.2.10Uses & Dangers of Radiation 2

4.2.11End of Topic Test - Atoms & Radiation

4.2.12Grade 9 - Radiation

4.2.13Exam-Style Questions - Radioactive Decay

5Forces

5.1Basics of Motion

5.1.1Basics of Motion

5.1.2Basics of Motion 2

5.1.3Basics of Motion 3

5.1.4Distance- & Speed-Time Graphs

5.1.5Average Speed - Calculations

5.1.6Acceleration - Calculations

5.1.7Uniform Acceleration - Calculations

5.1.8Grade 9 - Motion

5.1.9Exam-Style Questions - Motion

5.2Forces

5.2.1Gravity

5.2.2Gravity - Calculations

5.2.3Resultant Forces

5.2.4Newton Second Law - Calculations

5.2.5Force Diagrams

5.2.6Free Body Diagrams - Calculations

5.2.7Stretching a Spring

5.2.8Hooke's Law

5.2.9Hooke's Law - Calculations

5.2.10Elastic Potential Energy

5.2.11Elastic Potential - Calculations

5.2.12Exam-Style Questions - Elastic Potential Energy

5.3Effects of Forces

5.3.1Acceleration

5.3.2Acceleration 2

5.3.3Momentum

5.3.4Change in Momentum - Calculations

5.3.5Momentum - Calculations

5.3.6Moments

5.3.7Moments - Calculations

5.3.8Circular Motion

5.3.9Levers & Gears

5.3.10Stopping Distance

5.3.11Decelerations

5.3.12Stopping Distance - Calculations

5.4Pressure

5.4.1Pressure

5.4.2Pressure - Calculations

5.4.3Liquid Pressure - Calculations

5.4.4Pressure Changes

5.4.5End of Topic Test - Forces

5.4.6Exam-Style Questions - Pressure

6Waves

6.1Wave Basics

6.1.1Basics & Formula

6.1.2Wave Speed - Calculations

6.1.3Describing Waves

6.1.4Wave Frequency - Calculations

6.1.5Transverse & Longitudinal Waves

6.1.6Required Practical - Ripple Tank

6.2Waves at a Boundary

6.2.1Waves at a Boundary

6.2.2Waves at a Boundary 2

6.3Sound Waves

6.3.1Sound Waves

6.3.2Sound Waves 2

6.3.3Uses of Sound Waves

6.3.4Sound Waves - Calculations

6.3.5End of Topic Test - Introduction to Waves

6.3.6Exam-Style Questions - Wave Speed

6.4Electromagnetic Waves

6.4.1Properties

6.4.2Gamma, X-Ray & UV Light

6.4.3Infrared, Microwave & Radio Waves

6.4.4Properties 2

6.4.5Visible Light

6.4.6Visible Light 2

6.4.7Grade 9 - Waves

6.5Lenses

6.5.1Lenses

6.5.2Lenses - Calculations

6.5.3Images & Ray Diagrams

6.6Heat & Radiation

6.6.1Infrared Radiation

6.6.2Temperature

6.6.3Greenhouse Effect

6.6.4End of Topic Test - EM Waves, Lenses & Heat

6.6.5Exam-Style Questions - EM Radiation

7Magnetism

7.1Magnetism Basics

7.1.1Magnetic Materials

7.1.2Magnetic Fields

7.2Electromagnetism

7.2.1Electromagnetism

7.2.2Electromagnetism 2

7.2.3Motor Effect

7.2.4Magnetic Flux - Calculations

7.2.5Motors

7.2.6Induced Potential

7.2.7Induced Potential 2

7.2.8Generator Effect

7.2.9Generator Effect 2

7.3Transformers

7.3.1Transformers

7.3.2Transformers 2

7.3.3Transformers 3

7.3.4Transformers - Calculations

7.3.5Transformers 2 - Calculations

7.3.6End of Topic Test - Magnetism

7.3.7Grade 9 - Transformers

7.3.8Exam-Style Questions - Magnetic Fields

8Astrophysics

8.1Astrophysics

8.1.1The Solar System

8.1.2The Solar System - Calculations

8.1.3Orbits

8.1.4Orbits HyperLearning

8.1.5Life Cycle of a Star

8.1.6The Universe

8.1.7End of Topic Test - Astrophysics

8.1.8Exam-Style Questions - Astrophysics

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