6.1.11
Genome Screening & Sex Determination
Embryonic Screening
Embryonic Screening
Embryonic screening is a form of genome screening. We can screen a person's genome to look for genes that may make that person susceptible (vulnerable) to genetic disorders. The advantages of embryonic screening are:
![Illustrative background for Prevent suffering](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-07/777ad8ef-0938-45c2-bb03-fed6d5f19f43/suffering-struggling,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
![Illustrative background for Prevent suffering ?? "content](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-07/777ad8ef-0938-45c2-bb03-fed6d5f19f43/suffering-struggling,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
Prevent suffering
Prevent suffering
- It could prevent people from suffering from genetic disorders.
![Illustrative background for IVF embryos](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/biology/1.1.2%20-%20Cell%20specialisation/1.1.1.2%20-%20concept%20embryo-1514192_1280%20-%20Edited-min,h_400,q_80,w_640.png)
![Illustrative background for IVF embryos ?? "content](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/biology/1.1.2%20-%20Cell%20specialisation/1.1.1.2%20-%20concept%20embryo-1514192_1280%20-%20Edited-min,h_400,q_80,w_640.png)
IVF embryos
IVF embryos
- During IVF, most embryos are surplus to requirements anyway.
- In this case, screening would merely ensure that the implanted embryos are healthy.
![Illustrative background for Financial saving](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/biology/4.1.1%20Photosynthesis/money,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
![Illustrative background for Financial saving ?? "content](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/biology/4.1.1%20Photosynthesis/money,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
Financial saving
Financial saving
- A reduction in disorders that need to be treated would save a significant amount of money in the long-term.
Disadvantages of Embryonic Screening
Disadvantages of Embryonic Screening
Although embryonic screening has advantages, it also has disadvantages:
![Illustrative background for Parents become selective](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/biology/1.1%20-%20Cell%20Structure%20nice%20imaefs/1.1.4%20Inherited%20Disorder/robot-2077973_640-min,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
![Illustrative background for Parents become selective ?? "content](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/biology/1.1%20-%20Cell%20Structure%20nice%20imaefs/1.1.4%20Inherited%20Disorder/robot-2077973_640-min,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
Parents become selective
Parents become selective
- If mismanaged, this technology could become a way for parents to select the most desirable embryo as their child-to-be.
![Illustrative background for Expensive](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/biology/4.1.1%20Photosynthesis/money,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
![Illustrative background for Expensive ?? "content](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/biology/4.1.1%20Photosynthesis/money,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
Expensive
Expensive
- In the short-term, screening is an expensive process.
![Illustrative background for Discrimination](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/biology/1.1%20-%20Cell%20Structure%20nice%20imaefs/1.1.4%20Inherited%20Disorder/discrimination,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
![Illustrative background for Discrimination ?? "content](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/biology/1.1%20-%20Cell%20Structure%20nice%20imaefs/1.1.4%20Inherited%20Disorder/discrimination,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
Discrimination
Discrimination
- There is the potential that defining the desirability of an embryo based on their genetic make-up could promote discrimination.
- i.e. people born without the use of screening could be considered second-class citizens.
![Illustrative background for Ethics](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/biology/1.2.1%20Chromosomes%20and%20mitosis/candles-2628473_640,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
![Illustrative background for Ethics ?? "content](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/biology/1.2.1%20Chromosomes%20and%20mitosis/candles-2628473_640,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
Ethics
Ethics
- The embryos that are not used are destroyed. This can be considered unethical or against religious views.
Sex Determination
Sex Determination
Healthy human body cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes, only one of which is responsible for determining biological sex. This pair of chromosomes are called the sex chromosomes and can either be X or Y:
![Illustrative background for Females](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/biology/1.1%20-%20Cell%20Structure%20nice%20imaefs/1.1.4%20Inherited%20Disorder/women%20chromosome-min,h_400,q_80,w_640.png)
![Illustrative background for Females ?? "content](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/biology/1.1%20-%20Cell%20Structure%20nice%20imaefs/1.1.4%20Inherited%20Disorder/women%20chromosome-min,h_400,q_80,w_640.png)
Females
Females
Female biology is XX, so an egg contains one X chromosome.
![Illustrative background for Males](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/biology/1.1%20-%20Cell%20Structure%20nice%20imaefs/1.1.4%20Inherited%20Disorder/man%20chromosome-min,h_400,q_80,w_640.png)
![Illustrative background for Males ?? "content](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/biology/1.1%20-%20Cell%20Structure%20nice%20imaefs/1.1.4%20Inherited%20Disorder/man%20chromosome-min,h_400,q_80,w_640.png)
Males
Males
Males biology is XY, so a sperm contains either one X or one Y chromosome.
1Cell Biology
1.1What's in Cells?
1.1.1Types of Cells
1.1.2Properties of Prokaryotes
1.1.3Standard Form
1.1.4Standard Form - Calculations
1.1.5Addition in Standard Form - Calculations
1.1.6Subtraction in Standard Form - Calculations
1.1.7Multiplication in Standard Form - Calculations
1.1.8Division in Standard Form - Calculations
1.1.9Animal Cells
1.1.10Plant Cells
1.1.11Differences Between Animal & Plant Cells
1.1.12Bacterial Cells
1.1.13Types of Cells HyperLearning
1.1.14Cell Specialisation in Animals
1.1.15Sperm Cells
1.1.16Nerve Cells
1.1.17Muscle Cells
1.1.18Cell Specialisation in Plants
1.1.19Microscopy
1.1.20Developments in Microscopy
1.1.21Microscope Practical
1.1.22Microscopy - Calculations
1.1.23Culturing Microorganisms
1.1.24Contamination
1.1.25Avoiding Contamination
1.1.26Calculating Bacteria
1.1.27Calculating Bacteria - Calculations
1.1.28End of Topic Test - What's in Cells?
1.1.29Exam-Style Questions - Cell Structure & Microscopy
1.2Cell Division
1.3Transport in Cells
1.3.1Diffusion
1.3.2Factors Affecting Diffusion
1.3.3Surface Area : Volume
1.3.4Surface Area : Volume - Calculations
1.3.5Exchange Surfaces
1.3.6Examples of Exchange Surfaces
1.3.7Osmosis
1.3.8Osmosis Practical
1.3.9Active Transport
1.3.10Transport in Cells
1.3.11End of Topic Test - Cell Division & Transport
1.3.12Grade 9 - Cell Transport
2Organisation
2.1Principles of Organisation
2.2Enzymes
2.2.1Enzymes
2.2.2Enzymes HyperFlashcards
2.2.3Rate of Reaction
2.2.4Calculating Rate of Reaction
2.2.5Rate of Reaction - Calculations
2.2.6Digestion
2.2.7Bile
2.2.8Examples of Digestive Enzymes - Amylase
2.2.9Examples of Digestive Enzymes - Protease
2.2.10Examples of Digestive Enzymes - Lipase
2.2.11Testing for Biological Molecules
2.2.12End of Topic Test - Organisation & Enzymes
2.2.13Grade 9 - Enzymes
2.2.14Exam-Style Questions - Enzymes
2.3Circulatory System
2.3.1Types of Blood Vessel
2.3.2Blood Vessels - Arteries
2.3.3Blood Vessels - Capillaries
2.3.4Blood Vessels - Veins
2.3.5The Heart - Structure
2.3.6The Heart - Function
2.3.7Important Blood Vessels
2.3.8Double Circulatory System
2.3.9Gas Exchange
2.3.10Gas exchange - Calculations
2.3.11Alveoli
2.3.12Blood Components
2.3.13Platelets
2.3.14Red Blood Cells
2.3.15White Blood Cells
2.3.16End of Topic Test - Circulatory System
2.4Non-Communicable Diseases
2.4.1Health Issues
2.4.2Disease Interactions
2.4.3Sampling
2.4.4Sampling - Calculations
2.4.5Risk Factors
2.4.6Examples of Risk Factors
2.4.7Risk Factor Graphs
2.4.8Coronary Heart Disease
2.4.9Heart Valve Disease
2.4.10Heart Failure
2.4.11Treating Heart Disease
2.4.12Cancer
2.4.13Cancer Risk Factors
2.4.14End of Topic Test - Non-Communicable Diseases
2.4.15Exam-Style Questions - Coronary Heart Disease
2.5Plant Tissues, Organs & Systems
3Infection & Response
3.1Communicable Disease
3.1.1Spreading Disease
3.1.2Viruses
3.1.3Other Pathogens
3.1.4Human Defence Systems
3.1.5Human Defence Systems 2
3.1.6Grade 9 - Immune System
3.1.7Antibiotics
3.1.8Drug Development
3.1.9Drug Testing
3.1.10Drug Testing / Efficacy - Calculations
3.1.11End of Topic Test - Communicable Diseases
3.1.12Exam-Style Questions - Microorganisms & Disease
3.2Monoclonal Antibodies
4Bioenergetics
4.1Photosynthesis
5Homeostasis & Response
5.1Homeostasis
5.2The Human Nervous System
5.2.1The Nervous System
5.2.2The Nervous System HyperFlashcards
5.2.3Synapses
5.2.4Reflexes
5.2.5Exam-Style Questions - Nervous System
5.2.6The Brain
5.2.7Eye Anatomy
5.2.8Eye Function
5.2.9Control of Body Temperature
5.2.10Warming Up & Cooling Down
5.2.11Body Temperature HyperLearning
5.2.12End of Topic Test - Human Nervous System
5.3Hormonal Coordination in Humans
5.3.1Endocrine System
5.3.2Thyroxine & Adrenaline
5.3.3Blood Glucose
5.3.4Diabetes
5.3.5Control of Water Balance
5.3.6Urine
5.3.7Dialysis
5.3.8Transplants
5.3.9Puberty
5.3.10Menstruation
5.3.11Contraception
5.3.12Contraception 2
5.3.13Hormones for Infertility
5.3.14End of Topic Test - Homeostasis & Hormones
5.3.15Grade 9 - Hormonal Coordination
5.3.16Exam-Style Questions - Hormones & Contraception
6Inheritance, Variation & Evolution
6.1Reproduction
6.1.1Reproduction
6.1.2Reproduction 2
6.1.3Genome
6.1.4DNA
6.1.5Protein Synthesis
6.1.6Genetic Inheritance
6.1.7Genetic Crosses
6.1.8Inherited Disorders
6.1.9Inherited Disorders 2
6.1.10Genetic Crosses - Calculations
6.1.11Genome Screening & Sex Determination
6.1.12End of Topic Test - Reproduction
6.1.13Exam-Style Questions - DNA & Genetics
6.2Variation & Evolution
6.3Genetics & Evolution
7Ecology
7.1Adaptations & Interdependence
7.2Organisation of Ecosystems
7.3Biodiversity
7.4Trophic Levels
Jump to other topics
1Cell Biology
1.1What's in Cells?
1.1.1Types of Cells
1.1.2Properties of Prokaryotes
1.1.3Standard Form
1.1.4Standard Form - Calculations
1.1.5Addition in Standard Form - Calculations
1.1.6Subtraction in Standard Form - Calculations
1.1.7Multiplication in Standard Form - Calculations
1.1.8Division in Standard Form - Calculations
1.1.9Animal Cells
1.1.10Plant Cells
1.1.11Differences Between Animal & Plant Cells
1.1.12Bacterial Cells
1.1.13Types of Cells HyperLearning
1.1.14Cell Specialisation in Animals
1.1.15Sperm Cells
1.1.16Nerve Cells
1.1.17Muscle Cells
1.1.18Cell Specialisation in Plants
1.1.19Microscopy
1.1.20Developments in Microscopy
1.1.21Microscope Practical
1.1.22Microscopy - Calculations
1.1.23Culturing Microorganisms
1.1.24Contamination
1.1.25Avoiding Contamination
1.1.26Calculating Bacteria
1.1.27Calculating Bacteria - Calculations
1.1.28End of Topic Test - What's in Cells?
1.1.29Exam-Style Questions - Cell Structure & Microscopy
1.2Cell Division
1.3Transport in Cells
1.3.1Diffusion
1.3.2Factors Affecting Diffusion
1.3.3Surface Area : Volume
1.3.4Surface Area : Volume - Calculations
1.3.5Exchange Surfaces
1.3.6Examples of Exchange Surfaces
1.3.7Osmosis
1.3.8Osmosis Practical
1.3.9Active Transport
1.3.10Transport in Cells
1.3.11End of Topic Test - Cell Division & Transport
1.3.12Grade 9 - Cell Transport
2Organisation
2.1Principles of Organisation
2.2Enzymes
2.2.1Enzymes
2.2.2Enzymes HyperFlashcards
2.2.3Rate of Reaction
2.2.4Calculating Rate of Reaction
2.2.5Rate of Reaction - Calculations
2.2.6Digestion
2.2.7Bile
2.2.8Examples of Digestive Enzymes - Amylase
2.2.9Examples of Digestive Enzymes - Protease
2.2.10Examples of Digestive Enzymes - Lipase
2.2.11Testing for Biological Molecules
2.2.12End of Topic Test - Organisation & Enzymes
2.2.13Grade 9 - Enzymes
2.2.14Exam-Style Questions - Enzymes
2.3Circulatory System
2.3.1Types of Blood Vessel
2.3.2Blood Vessels - Arteries
2.3.3Blood Vessels - Capillaries
2.3.4Blood Vessels - Veins
2.3.5The Heart - Structure
2.3.6The Heart - Function
2.3.7Important Blood Vessels
2.3.8Double Circulatory System
2.3.9Gas Exchange
2.3.10Gas exchange - Calculations
2.3.11Alveoli
2.3.12Blood Components
2.3.13Platelets
2.3.14Red Blood Cells
2.3.15White Blood Cells
2.3.16End of Topic Test - Circulatory System
2.4Non-Communicable Diseases
2.4.1Health Issues
2.4.2Disease Interactions
2.4.3Sampling
2.4.4Sampling - Calculations
2.4.5Risk Factors
2.4.6Examples of Risk Factors
2.4.7Risk Factor Graphs
2.4.8Coronary Heart Disease
2.4.9Heart Valve Disease
2.4.10Heart Failure
2.4.11Treating Heart Disease
2.4.12Cancer
2.4.13Cancer Risk Factors
2.4.14End of Topic Test - Non-Communicable Diseases
2.4.15Exam-Style Questions - Coronary Heart Disease
2.5Plant Tissues, Organs & Systems
3Infection & Response
3.1Communicable Disease
3.1.1Spreading Disease
3.1.2Viruses
3.1.3Other Pathogens
3.1.4Human Defence Systems
3.1.5Human Defence Systems 2
3.1.6Grade 9 - Immune System
3.1.7Antibiotics
3.1.8Drug Development
3.1.9Drug Testing
3.1.10Drug Testing / Efficacy - Calculations
3.1.11End of Topic Test - Communicable Diseases
3.1.12Exam-Style Questions - Microorganisms & Disease
3.2Monoclonal Antibodies
4Bioenergetics
4.1Photosynthesis
5Homeostasis & Response
5.1Homeostasis
5.2The Human Nervous System
5.2.1The Nervous System
5.2.2The Nervous System HyperFlashcards
5.2.3Synapses
5.2.4Reflexes
5.2.5Exam-Style Questions - Nervous System
5.2.6The Brain
5.2.7Eye Anatomy
5.2.8Eye Function
5.2.9Control of Body Temperature
5.2.10Warming Up & Cooling Down
5.2.11Body Temperature HyperLearning
5.2.12End of Topic Test - Human Nervous System
5.3Hormonal Coordination in Humans
5.3.1Endocrine System
5.3.2Thyroxine & Adrenaline
5.3.3Blood Glucose
5.3.4Diabetes
5.3.5Control of Water Balance
5.3.6Urine
5.3.7Dialysis
5.3.8Transplants
5.3.9Puberty
5.3.10Menstruation
5.3.11Contraception
5.3.12Contraception 2
5.3.13Hormones for Infertility
5.3.14End of Topic Test - Homeostasis & Hormones
5.3.15Grade 9 - Hormonal Coordination
5.3.16Exam-Style Questions - Hormones & Contraception
6Inheritance, Variation & Evolution
6.1Reproduction
6.1.1Reproduction
6.1.2Reproduction 2
6.1.3Genome
6.1.4DNA
6.1.5Protein Synthesis
6.1.6Genetic Inheritance
6.1.7Genetic Crosses
6.1.8Inherited Disorders
6.1.9Inherited Disorders 2
6.1.10Genetic Crosses - Calculations
6.1.11Genome Screening & Sex Determination
6.1.12End of Topic Test - Reproduction
6.1.13Exam-Style Questions - DNA & Genetics
6.2Variation & Evolution
6.3Genetics & Evolution
7Ecology
7.1Adaptations & Interdependence
7.2Organisation of Ecosystems
7.3Biodiversity
7.4Trophic Levels
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