3.1.9
Drug Testing
Testing Drugs
Testing Drugs
New medical drugs have to be tested and trialled before being used to check that they are safe and effective. This testing can take many years and the drugs are tested on three main criteria:
![Illustrative background for Toxicity](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/biology/3.1.2%20-%20Human%20defence%20systems/warning-43959_640-min,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
![Illustrative background for Toxicity ?? "content](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/biology/3.1.2%20-%20Human%20defence%20systems/warning-43959_640-min,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
Toxicity
Toxicity
- Is the drug safe?
![Illustrative background for Efficacy](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/biology/3.1.3%20Antibiotics%20and%20paracetamol/superhero-534120_640-min,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
![Illustrative background for Efficacy ?? "content](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/biology/3.1.3%20Antibiotics%20and%20paracetamol/superhero-534120_640-min,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
Efficacy
Efficacy
- Does the drug work?
![Illustrative background for Dose](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/biology/3.1.3%20Antibiotics%20and%20paracetamol/up-close-2754956_640-min,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
![Illustrative background for Dose ?? "content](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/biology/3.1.3%20Antibiotics%20and%20paracetamol/up-close-2754956_640-min,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
Dose
Dose
- How much of the drug is needed?
Drug Testing in Laboratories
Drug Testing in Laboratories
There are 2 stages to drug testing in laboratories:
![Illustrative background for Preclinical testing](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/biology/3.1.3%20Antibiotics%20and%20paracetamol/clinicaltesting-min,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
![Illustrative background for Preclinical testing ?? "content](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/biology/3.1.3%20Antibiotics%20and%20paracetamol/clinicaltesting-min,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
Preclinical testing
Preclinical testing
- Scientists carry out early stage testing on human cells and tissues grown in the laboratory.
- Scientists also carry out early stage testing on live animals.
- Testing on animals is useful for working out how toxic (harmful) a drug is to cells.
- In the UK, new medicines have to undergo tests on two different live mammals.
- Many drugs fail at this stage if they damage cells or do not work.
![Illustrative background for Clinical testing](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/biology/3.1.3%20Antibiotics%20and%20paracetamol/drugtesting-min,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
![Illustrative background for Clinical testing ?? "content](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/biology/3.1.3%20Antibiotics%20and%20paracetamol/drugtesting-min,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
Clinical testing
Clinical testing
- Clinical trials test drugs on healthy volunteers and patients to check that they are safe. They usually use low doses of the drug.
- If a drug is found to be safe at low doses, there are more clinical trials to work out the optimum (best) dose for the drug.
Double-Blind Trials
Double-Blind Trials
In clinical trials, some patients are given a placebo (an alternative that does not contain any of the drug). Whether a patient gets the drug or the placebo is randomly chosen. Neither the patient nor the doctor knows who has received which.
![Illustrative background for Unbiased](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/biology/3.1.3%20Antibiotics%20and%20paracetamol/adult-1867719_640%20-%20Edited-min,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
![Illustrative background for Unbiased ?? "content](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/biology/3.1.3%20Antibiotics%20and%20paracetamol/adult-1867719_640%20-%20Edited-min,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
Unbiased
Unbiased
- Double-blind trials make sure that a test is perfectly fair.
- If either the patient or doctor knew what they were taking, it could skew the outcomes of the trial.
![Illustrative background for Identical conditions](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/biology/3.1.3%20Antibiotics%20and%20paracetamol/honor-guard-67636_640-min,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
![Illustrative background for Identical conditions ?? "content](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/biology/3.1.3%20Antibiotics%20and%20paracetamol/honor-guard-67636_640-min,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
Identical conditions
Identical conditions
- All the conditions are kept identical across the two groups so that only the drug has an impact on a patient’s health.
1Cell Biology
1.1What's in Cells?
1.1.1Types of Cells
1.1.2Properties of Prokaryotes
1.1.3Standard Form
1.1.4Standard Form - Calculations
1.1.5Addition in Standard Form - Calculations
1.1.6Subtraction in Standard Form - Calculations
1.1.7Multiplication in Standard Form - Calculations
1.1.8Division in Standard Form - Calculations
1.1.9Animal Cells
1.1.10Plant Cells
1.1.11Differences Between Animal & Plant Cells
1.1.12Bacterial Cells
1.1.13Types of Cells HyperLearning
1.1.14Cell Specialisation in Animals
1.1.15Sperm Cells
1.1.16Nerve Cells
1.1.17Muscle Cells
1.1.18Cell Specialisation in Plants
1.1.19Microscopy
1.1.20Developments in Microscopy
1.1.21Microscope Practical
1.1.22Microscopy - Calculations
1.1.23Culturing Microorganisms
1.1.24Contamination
1.1.25Avoiding Contamination
1.1.26Calculating Bacteria
1.1.27Calculating Bacteria - Calculations
1.1.28End of Topic Test - What's in Cells?
1.1.29Exam-Style Questions - Cell Structure & Microscopy
1.2Cell Division
1.3Transport in Cells
1.3.1Diffusion
1.3.2Factors Affecting Diffusion
1.3.3Surface Area : Volume
1.3.4Surface Area : Volume - Calculations
1.3.5Exchange Surfaces
1.3.6Examples of Exchange Surfaces
1.3.7Osmosis
1.3.8Osmosis Practical
1.3.9Active Transport
1.3.10Transport in Cells
1.3.11End of Topic Test - Cell Division & Transport
1.3.12Grade 9 - Cell Transport
2Organisation
2.1Principles of Organisation
2.2Enzymes
2.2.1Enzymes
2.2.2Enzymes HyperFlashcards
2.2.3Rate of Reaction
2.2.4Calculating Rate of Reaction
2.2.5Rate of Reaction - Calculations
2.2.6Digestion
2.2.7Bile
2.2.8Examples of Digestive Enzymes - Amylase
2.2.9Examples of Digestive Enzymes - Protease
2.2.10Examples of Digestive Enzymes - Lipase
2.2.11Testing for Biological Molecules
2.2.12End of Topic Test - Organisation & Enzymes
2.2.13Grade 9 - Enzymes
2.2.14Exam-Style Questions - Enzymes
2.3Circulatory System
2.3.1Types of Blood Vessel
2.3.2Blood Vessels - Arteries
2.3.3Blood Vessels - Capillaries
2.3.4Blood Vessels - Veins
2.3.5The Heart - Structure
2.3.6The Heart - Function
2.3.7Important Blood Vessels
2.3.8Double Circulatory System
2.3.9Gas Exchange
2.3.10Gas exchange - Calculations
2.3.11Alveoli
2.3.12Blood Components
2.3.13Platelets
2.3.14Red Blood Cells
2.3.15White Blood Cells
2.3.16End of Topic Test - Circulatory System
2.4Non-Communicable Diseases
2.4.1Health Issues
2.4.2Disease Interactions
2.4.3Sampling
2.4.4Sampling - Calculations
2.4.5Risk Factors
2.4.6Examples of Risk Factors
2.4.7Risk Factor Graphs
2.4.8Coronary Heart Disease
2.4.9Heart Valve Disease
2.4.10Heart Failure
2.4.11Treating Heart Disease
2.4.12Cancer
2.4.13Cancer Risk Factors
2.4.14End of Topic Test - Non-Communicable Diseases
2.4.15Exam-Style Questions - Coronary Heart Disease
2.5Plant Tissues, Organs & Systems
3Infection & Response
3.1Communicable Disease
3.1.1Spreading Disease
3.1.2Viruses
3.1.3Other Pathogens
3.1.4Human Defence Systems
3.1.5Human Defence Systems 2
3.1.6Grade 9 - Immune System
3.1.7Antibiotics
3.1.8Drug Development
3.1.9Drug Testing
3.1.10Drug Testing / Efficacy - Calculations
3.1.11End of Topic Test - Communicable Diseases
3.1.12Exam-Style Questions - Microorganisms & Disease
3.2Monoclonal Antibodies
4Bioenergetics
4.1Photosynthesis
5Homeostasis & Response
5.1Homeostasis
5.2The Human Nervous System
5.2.1The Nervous System
5.2.2The Nervous System HyperFlashcards
5.2.3Synapses
5.2.4Reflexes
5.2.5Exam-Style Questions - Nervous System
5.2.6The Brain
5.2.7Eye Anatomy
5.2.8Eye Function
5.2.9Control of Body Temperature
5.2.10Warming Up & Cooling Down
5.2.11Body Temperature HyperLearning
5.2.12End of Topic Test - Human Nervous System
5.3Hormonal Coordination in Humans
5.3.1Endocrine System
5.3.2Thyroxine & Adrenaline
5.3.3Blood Glucose
5.3.4Diabetes
5.3.5Control of Water Balance
5.3.6Urine
5.3.7Dialysis
5.3.8Transplants
5.3.9Puberty
5.3.10Menstruation
5.3.11Contraception
5.3.12Contraception 2
5.3.13Hormones for Infertility
5.3.14End of Topic Test - Homeostasis & Hormones
5.3.15Grade 9 - Hormonal Coordination
5.3.16Exam-Style Questions - Hormones & Contraception
6Inheritance, Variation & Evolution
6.1Reproduction
6.1.1Reproduction
6.1.2Reproduction 2
6.1.3Genome
6.1.4DNA
6.1.5Protein Synthesis
6.1.6Genetic Inheritance
6.1.7Genetic Crosses
6.1.8Inherited Disorders
6.1.9Inherited Disorders 2
6.1.10Genetic Crosses - Calculations
6.1.11Genome Screening & Sex Determination
6.1.12End of Topic Test - Reproduction
6.1.13Exam-Style Questions - DNA & Genetics
6.2Variation & Evolution
6.3Genetics & Evolution
7Ecology
7.1Adaptations & Interdependence
7.2Organisation of Ecosystems
7.3Biodiversity
7.4Trophic Levels
Jump to other topics
1Cell Biology
1.1What's in Cells?
1.1.1Types of Cells
1.1.2Properties of Prokaryotes
1.1.3Standard Form
1.1.4Standard Form - Calculations
1.1.5Addition in Standard Form - Calculations
1.1.6Subtraction in Standard Form - Calculations
1.1.7Multiplication in Standard Form - Calculations
1.1.8Division in Standard Form - Calculations
1.1.9Animal Cells
1.1.10Plant Cells
1.1.11Differences Between Animal & Plant Cells
1.1.12Bacterial Cells
1.1.13Types of Cells HyperLearning
1.1.14Cell Specialisation in Animals
1.1.15Sperm Cells
1.1.16Nerve Cells
1.1.17Muscle Cells
1.1.18Cell Specialisation in Plants
1.1.19Microscopy
1.1.20Developments in Microscopy
1.1.21Microscope Practical
1.1.22Microscopy - Calculations
1.1.23Culturing Microorganisms
1.1.24Contamination
1.1.25Avoiding Contamination
1.1.26Calculating Bacteria
1.1.27Calculating Bacteria - Calculations
1.1.28End of Topic Test - What's in Cells?
1.1.29Exam-Style Questions - Cell Structure & Microscopy
1.2Cell Division
1.3Transport in Cells
1.3.1Diffusion
1.3.2Factors Affecting Diffusion
1.3.3Surface Area : Volume
1.3.4Surface Area : Volume - Calculations
1.3.5Exchange Surfaces
1.3.6Examples of Exchange Surfaces
1.3.7Osmosis
1.3.8Osmosis Practical
1.3.9Active Transport
1.3.10Transport in Cells
1.3.11End of Topic Test - Cell Division & Transport
1.3.12Grade 9 - Cell Transport
2Organisation
2.1Principles of Organisation
2.2Enzymes
2.2.1Enzymes
2.2.2Enzymes HyperFlashcards
2.2.3Rate of Reaction
2.2.4Calculating Rate of Reaction
2.2.5Rate of Reaction - Calculations
2.2.6Digestion
2.2.7Bile
2.2.8Examples of Digestive Enzymes - Amylase
2.2.9Examples of Digestive Enzymes - Protease
2.2.10Examples of Digestive Enzymes - Lipase
2.2.11Testing for Biological Molecules
2.2.12End of Topic Test - Organisation & Enzymes
2.2.13Grade 9 - Enzymes
2.2.14Exam-Style Questions - Enzymes
2.3Circulatory System
2.3.1Types of Blood Vessel
2.3.2Blood Vessels - Arteries
2.3.3Blood Vessels - Capillaries
2.3.4Blood Vessels - Veins
2.3.5The Heart - Structure
2.3.6The Heart - Function
2.3.7Important Blood Vessels
2.3.8Double Circulatory System
2.3.9Gas Exchange
2.3.10Gas exchange - Calculations
2.3.11Alveoli
2.3.12Blood Components
2.3.13Platelets
2.3.14Red Blood Cells
2.3.15White Blood Cells
2.3.16End of Topic Test - Circulatory System
2.4Non-Communicable Diseases
2.4.1Health Issues
2.4.2Disease Interactions
2.4.3Sampling
2.4.4Sampling - Calculations
2.4.5Risk Factors
2.4.6Examples of Risk Factors
2.4.7Risk Factor Graphs
2.4.8Coronary Heart Disease
2.4.9Heart Valve Disease
2.4.10Heart Failure
2.4.11Treating Heart Disease
2.4.12Cancer
2.4.13Cancer Risk Factors
2.4.14End of Topic Test - Non-Communicable Diseases
2.4.15Exam-Style Questions - Coronary Heart Disease
2.5Plant Tissues, Organs & Systems
3Infection & Response
3.1Communicable Disease
3.1.1Spreading Disease
3.1.2Viruses
3.1.3Other Pathogens
3.1.4Human Defence Systems
3.1.5Human Defence Systems 2
3.1.6Grade 9 - Immune System
3.1.7Antibiotics
3.1.8Drug Development
3.1.9Drug Testing
3.1.10Drug Testing / Efficacy - Calculations
3.1.11End of Topic Test - Communicable Diseases
3.1.12Exam-Style Questions - Microorganisms & Disease
3.2Monoclonal Antibodies
4Bioenergetics
4.1Photosynthesis
5Homeostasis & Response
5.1Homeostasis
5.2The Human Nervous System
5.2.1The Nervous System
5.2.2The Nervous System HyperFlashcards
5.2.3Synapses
5.2.4Reflexes
5.2.5Exam-Style Questions - Nervous System
5.2.6The Brain
5.2.7Eye Anatomy
5.2.8Eye Function
5.2.9Control of Body Temperature
5.2.10Warming Up & Cooling Down
5.2.11Body Temperature HyperLearning
5.2.12End of Topic Test - Human Nervous System
5.3Hormonal Coordination in Humans
5.3.1Endocrine System
5.3.2Thyroxine & Adrenaline
5.3.3Blood Glucose
5.3.4Diabetes
5.3.5Control of Water Balance
5.3.6Urine
5.3.7Dialysis
5.3.8Transplants
5.3.9Puberty
5.3.10Menstruation
5.3.11Contraception
5.3.12Contraception 2
5.3.13Hormones for Infertility
5.3.14End of Topic Test - Homeostasis & Hormones
5.3.15Grade 9 - Hormonal Coordination
5.3.16Exam-Style Questions - Hormones & Contraception
6Inheritance, Variation & Evolution
6.1Reproduction
6.1.1Reproduction
6.1.2Reproduction 2
6.1.3Genome
6.1.4DNA
6.1.5Protein Synthesis
6.1.6Genetic Inheritance
6.1.7Genetic Crosses
6.1.8Inherited Disorders
6.1.9Inherited Disorders 2
6.1.10Genetic Crosses - Calculations
6.1.11Genome Screening & Sex Determination
6.1.12End of Topic Test - Reproduction
6.1.13Exam-Style Questions - DNA & Genetics
6.2Variation & Evolution
6.3Genetics & Evolution
7Ecology
7.1Adaptations & Interdependence
7.2Organisation of Ecosystems
7.3Biodiversity
7.4Trophic Levels
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