Geothermal Energy

1.1.1Measuring Length

1.1.2Measuring Volume

1.1.3Measuring Time

1.1.4Scalar & Vector Quantities

1.1.5Adding Vectors

1.2.1Average Speed

1.2.2Calculating Average Speed

1.2.3Velocity

1.2.4Acceleration

1.2.5Distance-Time Graphs

1.2.6Speed-Time Graphs

1.2.7More Speed-Time Graphs

1.2.8Calculating Uniform Acceleration

1.2.9Gravity

1.2.10Free Fall - Distance-Time & Speed-Time Graphs

1.2.11Air Resistance

1.2.12Air Resistance - Graphs

1.2.13Optional: Calculating Acceleration

1.3.1Mass

1.3.2Weight

1.3.3Gravity Calculations

1.4.1Density

1.4.2Equation for Density

1.4.3Density - Experiments

1.4.4Density - Calculations

1.5.1Spring Constant

1.5.2Spring Constant Equation

1.5.3Force & Acceleration

1.5.4Friction

1.6.1Circular Motion

1.6.2Turning Effect

1.6.3Moments

1.6.4Calculating Moments

1.7.1Equilibrium

1.7.2Centre of Gravity

1.7.3Centre of Gravity Experiment

1.8.1Momentum

1.9.1Energy Changes

1.9.2Energy Conversion

1.9.3Kinetic Energy Stored

1.9.4Calculating Changes in Kinetic Energy

1.9.5Gravitational Potential Energy Stored

1.9.6Calculating Changes in GPE

1.9.7Elastic Potential Energy Stored

1.9.8Calculating Changes in EPE

1.10.1Mechanical Work

1.10.2Calculating Mechanical Work

1.10.3Calculating Electrical Work Done

1.11.1Energy Resources

1.11.2Fossil Fuels

1.11.4Wind Energy

1.11.5Water Energy

1.11.6Tidal Energy

1.11.7Nuclear Energy

1.11.8Solar Energy

1.11.9Original Source of Energy

1.11.10Fusion

1.11.11Efficiency

1.11.12Calculating Efficiency

1.11.13Energy Wastage

1.12.1Power

1.13.1Pressure

1.13.2Atmospheric Pressure

1.13.3Calculating Pressure

1.13.4Liquid Pressure

1.13.5Manometer

1.13.6Calculating Liquid Pressure

2.1.1Kinetic Particle Model of Matter

2.1.2States of Matter

2.1.3Properties of Gases

2.2.1Thermal Expansion

2.2.2Changes in Internal Energy

2.2.3Heat Capacities

2.2.4Heat Capacities Experiment

2.2.5Internal Energy

2.2.6Calculating Internal Energy

2.2.7End of Topic Test - Thermal Physics

2.2.8Changes of State

2.2.9Evaporation

2.2.10Factors Affecting Evaporation

2.2.11Examples of Evaporation

2.3.1Conduction

2.3.2Molecular Conduction

2.3.3Convection Currents

2.3.4Radiation

2.3.5Surface Colour

2.3.6Emitting Radiation

2.3.7Leslie's Cube & Other Radiation Experiments

2.3.8Uses of Energy Transfer

3.1.1Wave Basics

3.1.2Transverse Wave

3.1.3Longitudinal Wave

3.1.4Ripple Tank

3.1.5Wave Speed

3.1.6Wave Speed Formula

3.1.7Calculating Wave Speed

3.1.8Wave Frequency

3.1.9Calculating Wave Frequency

3.1.10Wavelength

3.1.11Diffraction

3.2.1Reflection

3.2.2Internal Reflection

3.2.3Refraction

3.2.4More Refraction

3.2.5Refractive Index Equation

3.2.6Refractive Index

3.2.7Critical Angle

3.2.8Optical Fibres

3.2.9Optical Fibres in Communications

3.2.10Medical Applications of Optical Fibres

3.3.1Thin Converging Lenses 1

3.3.2Thin Converging Lens 2

3.3.3Thin Converging Lens 3

3.3.4Thin Converging Lens 4

3.3.5Calculating Lenses

3.4.1Dispersion of Light

3.4.2Triangular Prisms 1

3.4.3Triangular Prisms 2

3.5.1Properties of Electromagnetic Waves

3.5.2Gamma Rays

3.5.3X-Rays

3.5.4UV Light

3.5.5Visible Light

3.5.6Infrared Radiation

3.5.7Microwaves

3.5.8Radio Waves

3.5.9Other Uses of EM Waves

3.5.10Analogue & Digital Signals

3.6.1Sound Waves

3.6.2Ears

3.6.3Speed of Sound

3.6.4Measuring Sound Waves

3.6.5Oscilloscope Traces

3.6.6Sound Waves Experiment

4.1.1Magnets

4.1.2Magnetic Forces

4.1.3Magnetic Materials

4.1.4Induced Magnetism

4.1.5Temporary & Permanent Magnets

4.1.6Electromagnets

4.1.7Magnetic Field Lines

4.2.1Electrical Charge

4.2.2Charged Objects

4.2.3Static Electricity Experiments

4.2.4Charging by Induction

4.2.5Electric Fields

4.2.6Electric Field Patterns

4.2.7Conductors

4.2.8Electrical Conductors - Electrons

4.3.1Current

4.3.2Conventional Current

4.3.3Current Equation

4.3.4Calculating Current

4.3.5AC/DC

4.4.1Electromotive Force

4.4.2Potential Difference

4.4.3Potential Difference Equation

4.4.4Calculating Voltage

4.5.1Circuit Measurements

4.5.2Resistance

4.5.3Equation for Resistance

4.5.4Measuring Resistance

4.5.5Calculating Resistance & Ohm's Law

4.5.6Variable Resistance

4.5.7Resistance Graph

4.6.1Electrical Work

4.6.2Electrical Power

4.6.3Calculating Electrical Work

4.7.1Circuit Diagrams

4.7.2Circuit Symbols

4.7.3More Circuit Symbols

4.7.4Diodes

4.7.5LDRs & Thermistors

4.8.1Series Circuits

4.8.2Series Circuits - Resistors

4.8.3Series Circuits - Cells

4.8.4Series Circuits - Potential Difference

4.8.5Calculating Series Circuits

4.8.6Parallel Circuits

4.8.7Parallel Circuits - Current

4.8.8Parallel Circuits - Resistance

4.8.9Parallel Circuits in Practice

4.9.1Potentiometer

4.9.2Potential Divider Equation

4.10.1Dangers of Electricity

4.10.2Live & Neutral Wires

4.10.3Earthing Metal Cases

4.10.4Fuses & Trip Switches

4.10.5Fuse Ratings

4.11.1Electromagnetic Induction

4.11.2Size of e.m.f

4.11.3Forces Between Electricity & Magnets

4.11.4Rotation of Coil & Induced e.m.f

4.12.1The Rotating-Coil Generator

4.12.2Features of a Rotating-Coil Generator

4.13.1Magnetic Effect of a Current

4.13.2Solenoid Field

4.13.3Relays

4.14.1Magnetic Field Strength

4.14.2Uses of Magnets & Currents

4.14.3Catapult Experiment

4.14.4Beam Force Experiment

4.15.1Motor Effect

4.15.2Direction of Motor Effect

4.15.3DC Motors

4.15.4Coil of Wire in a Magnetic Field

4.16.1Transformers

4.16.2Transformers Equation

4.16.3Types of Transformer

4.16.4Principles of Transformer Operation

4.16.5Energy in Transformers

5.1.1Atomic Model

5.1.2Scattering of Alpha Particles

5.1.3Subatomic Particles

5.1.4Proton & Nucleon Numbers

5.1.5Calculating Number of Neutrons

5.1.6Isotopes

5.1.7More Isotopes

5.1.8Carbon Nuclides

5.1.9Nuclear Fusion

5.1.10Nuclear Fission

5.1.11More Nuclear Fission

5.2.1Radioactivity

5.2.2Types of Radiation

5.2.3Detection of Radioactivity

5.2.4Background Radiation

5.3.1Three Types of Emission

5.3.2Relative Ionising Effects

5.3.3Electric Fields

5.3.4Magnetic Fields Radiation

5.4.1Radioactive Decay

5.4.2Decay Equations

5.4.3Half Life

5.4.4Measuring Half-Life

5.4.5Practical Applications of Radiation

5.4.6Ionising Radiation

5.4.7Safety Precautions

6.1.1The Earth

6.1.2The Moon

6.1.3The Solar System & The Accretion Model

6.1.4Gravitational Field & Speed of Light

6.1.5The Sun's Gravitational Field

6.2.1The Sun as a Star

6.2.2Galaxies

6.2.3Life Cycle of a Star like the Sun

6.2.4Life Cycle of a Star Much Bigger than the Sun

6.2.5Creation of Elements

6.2.6Red-shift

6.2.7The Big Bang

6.2.8Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation

6.2.9The Hubble Constant