3.3.8

Top-Down & Bottom-Up Development

Test yourself

Bottom-Up vs Top-Down Strategies

Bottom-up strategies usually give small amounts of funding to individuals or communities. Top-down strategies usually involve governments or NGOs (like the IMF or World Bank) doing large-scale projects.

Illustrative background for Top-down strategiesIllustrative background for Top-down strategies ?? "content

Top-down strategies

  • Advantages:
    • Governments have lots of money to invest in big infrastructure projects.
    • Governments can play for long time periods and know they have enough money.
    • Governments don't have to invest purely focused on profit.
  • Disadvantages:
    • If public officials are corrupt, the money may not be spent on the project.
    • Government organisations are famously bureaucratic and slow. They do not have incentives to deliver cost-efficient projects quickly.
Illustrative background for Bottom-up strategiesIllustrative background for Bottom-up strategies ?? "content

Bottom-up strategies

  • Advantages:
    • It uses the wisdom of the crowds and anyone with an idea can pursue it.
    • Local communities and individuals find it easier to build up a lot of support.
    • New platforms like JIBU, SEAP, and KIVA support people getting funding.
  • Disadvantages:
    • Poor people who have ideas and need help are least likely to be able to get funding.
    • Cannot plan a project with insecure funding for a long time period.
    • It is hard to co-ordinate lots of different individuals and NGOs.

Jump to other topics

1Physical Geography

1.1River Environments

1.1.1Weathering

1.1.2Mass Movement

1.1.3Erosion

1.1.4Transportation

1.1.5Deposition

1.1.6River Landforms: Waterfalls & Gorges

1.1.7River Landforms: Interlocking Spurs

1.1.8River Landforms: Flood Plains

1.1.9River Landforms: Point Bars

1.1.10River Landforms: Levees

1.1.11River Landforms: Meanders

1.1.12River Landforms: Oxbow Lakes

1.1.13River Landscape Changes: Long Profile

1.1.14River Landscape Changes: Cross Profile

1.1.15Vertical & Lateral Erosion

1.1.16Flood Risk Factors

1.1.17Human Activities on Rivers

1.1.18River Management: Hard Engineering

1.1.19River Management: Soft Engineering

1.1.20Case Study: The River Eden - Landforms

1.1.21Case Study: The River Eden - Climate

1.1.22Case Study: The River Eden - Geology

1.1.23Case Study: The River Eden - Management

1.1.24Case Study: The River Eden - Human Activity

1.1.25End of Topic Test - River Environments

1.2Coastal Environments

1.2.1Weathering

1.2.2Mass Movement

1.2.3Erosion

1.2.4Deposition

1.2.5Longshore Drift

1.2.6Sediment Transportation

1.2.7Wave Action on Coasts

1.2.8Other Factors Influencing Coasts

1.2.9Coastal Landforms: Wave-cut Platforms & Cliffs

1.2.10Coastal Landforms: Headlands & Bays

1.2.11Coastal Landforms: Caves, Arches & Stacks

1.2.12Coastal Deposition

1.2.13Spits, Bars & Sand Dunes

1.2.14Human Activity on Coasts

1.2.15Coastal Defences: Hard Engineering

1.2.16Coastal Defences: Soft Engineering

1.2.17Coastal Defences: Managed Retreat

1.2.18Case Study: Holderness Coast Overview

1.2.19Case Study: Holderness Coast Management

1.2.20Case Study: Holderness Coast Defences

1.2.21End of Topic Test - Coastal Environments

1.3Hazardous Environments - Tropical Cyclones

1.3.1Characteristics of a Tropical Cyclone

1.3.2Structure of a Tropical Cyclone

1.3.3Physical Hazards of Tropical Cyclones

1.3.4The Impacts of Tropical Cyclones

1.3.5Responses to Tropical Cyclones

1.3.6Vulnerability to Tropical Cyclones

1.3.7Preparing for Tropical Cyclones

1.3.8Case Study: Katrina

1.3.9Case Study: Nargis

1.4Hazardous Environments - Earthquakes & Volcanoes

1.4.1Earthquakes

1.4.2Features of an Earthquake

1.4.3Types of Earthquake

1.4.4Case Study: L'Aquila

1.4.5Case Study: Chile

1.4.6Case Study: Japan & Pakistan - Planning

1.4.7Volcanoes

1.4.8Types of Volcanoes

1.4.9Volcanic Eruptions

2Human Geography

2.1Economic Activity & Energy

2.1.1Increasing Energy Consumption

2.1.2Non-Renewable Energy - Nuclear

2.1.3Non-Renewable Energy - Fossil Fuels

2.1.4Renewable Energy - Solar

2.1.5Renewable Energy - Water & Bio

2.1.6Renewable Energy - Hydro

2.1.7Energy - Statistical Skills

2.2Rural Environments

2.2.1Rainforests

2.2.2Temperate Forests

2.2.3Characteristics of a Temperate Forest

2.2.4Goods & Services in Temperate Forests

2.2.5Deserts

2.2.6Tundra

2.3Urban Environments

2.3.1Urbanisation in Different Countries

2.3.2Causes of Urbanisation

2.3.3Consequences of Urbanisation

2.3.4Sustainable Urbanisation

2.3.5Case Study: Rapid Urbanisation in Mexico City

2.3.6End of Topic Test - Urbanisation

3Global Issues

3.1Fragile Environments & Climate Change

3.1.1Natural Causes of Climate Change

3.1.2Effects of Climate Change on the Environment

3.1.3Effects of Climate Change on People

3.1.4Impacts of Deforestation

3.1.5End of Topic Test - Climate Change

3.1.6Increasing Water Supply

3.1.7Sustainable Rainforest Management

3.2Globalisation & Migration

3.2.1Globalisation - Transport

3.2.2Globalisation - Communication Networks & Banking

3.2.3Push & Pull Factors

3.2.4TNCs & Globalisation

3.2.5Tourism Landscapes

3.2.6The Growth of Tourism

3.2.7The Economic Benefits of Tourism

3.2.8The Social & Cultural Benefits of Tourism

3.2.9The Economic Costs of Tourism

3.2.10The Social & Cultural Costs of Tourism

3.2.11Managing Tourism - Sustainability

3.2.12Managing Tourism - Quotas & Tourism Hubs

3.3Development & Human Welfare

3.3.1Ways of Defining Development

3.3.2Different Ways of Measuring Development

3.3.3Environmental Factors Causing Uneven Development

3.3.4Historical Factors Causing Uneven Development

3.3.5Economic Factors Causing Uneven Development

3.3.6Patterns of Development

3.3.7How Can we Reduce the Global Development Gap?

3.3.8Top-Down & Bottom-Up Development

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How Can we Reduce the Global Development Gap?