1.4.9
Volcanic Eruptions
Volcano Eruption
Volcano Eruption
When a volcano erupts at the Earth's surface it can produce lots of different things, including:


Lava
Lava
- Lava is magma (molten rock) above the surface of the Earth.


Gases
Gases
- Volcanoes emit lots of gases like sulfur.


Ash
Ash
- Ash is tiny pieces of burnt rock fragments that are blown into the atmosphere, usually at some force.
- These pieces fall on land and can float in the air, causing a volcanic winter (by blocking out the sun).
- A volcanic winter describes when a volcano erupts, producing lots of ash, which then blocks the sun. Mount Pinatubo's 1991 eruption reduced global temperatures for 3 years.


Pyroclastic flows
Pyroclastic flows
- Pyroclastic flows are currents of hot ash, lava and gas that can move downhill at speeds of up to 500 km/h during an eruption.
- Pyroclastic flows are impossible to outrun.
- They can reach temperatures of up to 1000oC and can cover distances of up to 30km from the volcano.


1Physical Geography
1.1River Environments
1.1.1Weathering
1.1.2Mass Movement
1.1.3Erosion
1.1.4Transportation
1.1.5Deposition
1.1.6River Landforms: Waterfalls & Gorges
1.1.7River Landforms: Interlocking Spurs
1.1.8River Landforms: Flood Plains
1.1.9River Landforms: Point Bars
1.1.10River Landforms: Levees
1.1.11River Landforms: Meanders
1.1.12River Landforms: Oxbow Lakes
1.1.13River Landscape Changes: Long Profile
1.1.14River Landscape Changes: Cross Profile
1.1.15Vertical & Lateral Erosion
1.1.16Flood Risk Factors
1.1.17Human Activities on Rivers
1.1.18River Management: Hard Engineering
1.1.19River Management: Soft Engineering
1.1.20Case Study: The River Eden - Landforms
1.1.21Case Study: The River Eden - Climate
1.1.22Case Study: The River Eden - Geology
1.1.23Case Study: The River Eden - Management
1.1.24Case Study: The River Eden - Human Activity
1.1.25End of Topic Test - River Environments
1.2Coastal Environments
1.2.1Weathering
1.2.2Mass Movement
1.2.3Erosion
1.2.4Deposition
1.2.5Longshore Drift
1.2.6Sediment Transportation
1.2.7Wave Action on Coasts
1.2.8Other Factors Influencing Coasts
1.2.9Coastal Landforms: Wave-cut Platforms & Cliffs
1.2.10Coastal Landforms: Headlands & Bays
1.2.11Coastal Landforms: Caves, Arches & Stacks
1.2.12Coastal Deposition
1.2.13Spits, Bars & Sand Dunes
1.2.14Human Activity on Coasts
1.2.15Coastal Defences: Hard Engineering
1.2.16Coastal Defences: Soft Engineering
1.2.17Coastal Defences: Managed Retreat
1.2.18Case Study: Holderness Coast Overview
1.2.19Case Study: Holderness Coast Management
1.2.20Case Study: Holderness Coast Defences
1.2.21End of Topic Test - Coastal Environments
1.3Hazardous Environments - Tropical Cyclones
1.3.1Characteristics of a Tropical Cyclone
1.3.2Structure of a Tropical Cyclone
1.3.3Physical Hazards of Tropical Cyclones
1.3.4The Impacts of Tropical Cyclones
1.3.5Responses to Tropical Cyclones
1.3.6Vulnerability to Tropical Cyclones
1.3.7Preparing for Tropical Cyclones
1.3.8Case Study: Katrina
1.3.9Case Study: Nargis
2Human Geography
2.1Economic Activity & Energy
2.2Rural Environments
3Global Issues
3.1Fragile Environments & Climate Change
3.2Globalisation & Migration
3.2.1Globalisation - Transport
3.2.2Globalisation - Communication Networks & Banking
3.2.3Push & Pull Factors
3.2.4TNCs & Globalisation
3.2.5Tourism Landscapes
3.2.6The Growth of Tourism
3.2.7The Economic Benefits of Tourism
3.2.8The Social & Cultural Benefits of Tourism
3.2.9The Economic Costs of Tourism
3.2.10The Social & Cultural Costs of Tourism
3.2.11Managing Tourism - Sustainability
3.2.12Managing Tourism - Quotas & Tourism Hubs
3.3Development & Human Welfare
3.3.1Ways of Defining Development
3.3.2Different Ways of Measuring Development
3.3.3Environmental Factors Causing Uneven Development
3.3.4Historical Factors Causing Uneven Development
3.3.5Economic Factors Causing Uneven Development
3.3.6Patterns of Development
3.3.7How Can we Reduce the Global Development Gap?
3.3.8Top-Down & Bottom-Up Development
Jump to other topics
1Physical Geography
1.1River Environments
1.1.1Weathering
1.1.2Mass Movement
1.1.3Erosion
1.1.4Transportation
1.1.5Deposition
1.1.6River Landforms: Waterfalls & Gorges
1.1.7River Landforms: Interlocking Spurs
1.1.8River Landforms: Flood Plains
1.1.9River Landforms: Point Bars
1.1.10River Landforms: Levees
1.1.11River Landforms: Meanders
1.1.12River Landforms: Oxbow Lakes
1.1.13River Landscape Changes: Long Profile
1.1.14River Landscape Changes: Cross Profile
1.1.15Vertical & Lateral Erosion
1.1.16Flood Risk Factors
1.1.17Human Activities on Rivers
1.1.18River Management: Hard Engineering
1.1.19River Management: Soft Engineering
1.1.20Case Study: The River Eden - Landforms
1.1.21Case Study: The River Eden - Climate
1.1.22Case Study: The River Eden - Geology
1.1.23Case Study: The River Eden - Management
1.1.24Case Study: The River Eden - Human Activity
1.1.25End of Topic Test - River Environments
1.2Coastal Environments
1.2.1Weathering
1.2.2Mass Movement
1.2.3Erosion
1.2.4Deposition
1.2.5Longshore Drift
1.2.6Sediment Transportation
1.2.7Wave Action on Coasts
1.2.8Other Factors Influencing Coasts
1.2.9Coastal Landforms: Wave-cut Platforms & Cliffs
1.2.10Coastal Landforms: Headlands & Bays
1.2.11Coastal Landforms: Caves, Arches & Stacks
1.2.12Coastal Deposition
1.2.13Spits, Bars & Sand Dunes
1.2.14Human Activity on Coasts
1.2.15Coastal Defences: Hard Engineering
1.2.16Coastal Defences: Soft Engineering
1.2.17Coastal Defences: Managed Retreat
1.2.18Case Study: Holderness Coast Overview
1.2.19Case Study: Holderness Coast Management
1.2.20Case Study: Holderness Coast Defences
1.2.21End of Topic Test - Coastal Environments
1.3Hazardous Environments - Tropical Cyclones
1.3.1Characteristics of a Tropical Cyclone
1.3.2Structure of a Tropical Cyclone
1.3.3Physical Hazards of Tropical Cyclones
1.3.4The Impacts of Tropical Cyclones
1.3.5Responses to Tropical Cyclones
1.3.6Vulnerability to Tropical Cyclones
1.3.7Preparing for Tropical Cyclones
1.3.8Case Study: Katrina
1.3.9Case Study: Nargis
2Human Geography
2.1Economic Activity & Energy
2.2Rural Environments
3Global Issues
3.1Fragile Environments & Climate Change
3.2Globalisation & Migration
3.2.1Globalisation - Transport
3.2.2Globalisation - Communication Networks & Banking
3.2.3Push & Pull Factors
3.2.4TNCs & Globalisation
3.2.5Tourism Landscapes
3.2.6The Growth of Tourism
3.2.7The Economic Benefits of Tourism
3.2.8The Social & Cultural Benefits of Tourism
3.2.9The Economic Costs of Tourism
3.2.10The Social & Cultural Costs of Tourism
3.2.11Managing Tourism - Sustainability
3.2.12Managing Tourism - Quotas & Tourism Hubs
3.3Development & Human Welfare
3.3.1Ways of Defining Development
3.3.2Different Ways of Measuring Development
3.3.3Environmental Factors Causing Uneven Development
3.3.4Historical Factors Causing Uneven Development
3.3.5Economic Factors Causing Uneven Development
3.3.6Patterns of Development
3.3.7How Can we Reduce the Global Development Gap?
3.3.8Top-Down & Bottom-Up Development
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