2.2.1
The Northern States & Black Resistance
Black people in the Northern States
Black people in the Northern States
Black people were treated better in the north than in the south. In the north, black people received better pay than they did in the south, but they still earned half that of white people.
Black activism
Black activism
- In the North, black people mobilized to form black activist groups.
- These included the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters which was started by Philip Randolph.
- Segregation was not widespread or legally enforced in the Northern States. This meant that many more black people were able to vote there.
Migration
Migration
- Many black people who worked in the North found industrial jobs.
- This work was much better than the agricultural work black people tended to do in the South.
- This caused mass migration to Northern cities such as Chicago during WW1 as the industry expanded during the war.
- About 50,000 workers migrated to the north during the 1920s.
- The areas where black people lived in the North were poor. Housing in these areas was much lower quality than in white areas.
- These impoverished areas became 'ghettos'. They highlighted the economic deprivation of black people.
Northern schools
Northern schools
- Northern schools became segregated in the early 1900s.
The inaction of northern states
The inaction of northern states
- Many white people in the North were bored with the race issue that continued to cause so much debate in the South.
- They did little to further cause of black people.
- Most Northern politicians concentrated on gaining support in the North. This allowed the Democrat Party to strengthen their hold of the South.
- As a result, black subordination and separation became institutionalised and normalised within society.
- In Louisiana, black workers went on strike in a bid to secure better wages. This resulted in 30 workers being shot dead.
Black Resistance
Black Resistance
Black people responded to segregation and Jim Crow Laws in a number of different ways.
Accomodationists
Accomodationists
- Some black people deemed themselves Accommodationists, such as Booker T Washington.
- Accomodationists suggested that black people should accept their segregation and make the most of their situation.
- This was not a view favoured by many of the black elite.
Leagues
Leagues
- Some black people formed leagues to fight the social and moral injustices that were placed upon them.
- They continued to file lawsuits and boycott services which enforced segregation.
Ida B Wells and the NAACP
Ida B Wells and the NAACP
- Ida B Wells campaigned against lynching.
- Between 1880-1900 there were known to be 1,678 lynchings of black people, mainly in the South.
- The people involved in lynching were rarely, if it all, brought to justice.
- Wells wrote anti-lynching articles and gave speeches where she detailed the horrific nature of lynching and the torture that often occurred before it.
- Wells played a large role in establishing the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) in 1909 to try and fight for racial equality.
1‘Free at Last’ 1865-77
1.1The Thirteenth Amendment
1.2Radical Reconstruction, 1867-77
2The Triumph of ‘Jim Crow’ 1883-c1890
2.1Jim Crow Laws & Civil Rights Cases
3The New Deal and Race Relations, 1933–41
3.1Failure to Address Black Grievances
3.2The New Deal
3.3The Second World War
4‘I have a dream’, 1954–68
4.1Civil Rights Activities, 1954–63
4.2Civil Rights 1964-68
4.3Malcolm X & The Black Panthers
5Obama's Campaign for the Presidency, 2004–09
5.1The Late 20th Century
5.2Barack Obama & his Political Career
5.3Reasons for Obama's Victory
Jump to other topics
1‘Free at Last’ 1865-77
1.1The Thirteenth Amendment
1.2Radical Reconstruction, 1867-77
2The Triumph of ‘Jim Crow’ 1883-c1890
2.1Jim Crow Laws & Civil Rights Cases
3The New Deal and Race Relations, 1933–41
3.1Failure to Address Black Grievances
3.2The New Deal
3.3The Second World War
4‘I have a dream’, 1954–68
4.1Civil Rights Activities, 1954–63
4.2Civil Rights 1964-68
4.3Malcolm X & The Black Panthers
5Obama's Campaign for the Presidency, 2004–09
5.1The Late 20th Century
5.2Barack Obama & his Political Career
5.3Reasons for Obama's Victory
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