Science

Darwin vs Religion

In the early 19th Century, the idea of God being in charge was universally accepted. Then came Darwin. In 1859, Darwin’s On the Origin of Species claimed that creatures evolved and were not created.

Darwin's theories

Darwin later argued that we descend from amphibians that turned into apes. This challenged religious dogma and presented new ideas that man descended from a ‘hairy tailed quadruped’ creature, which had evolved from ‘some amphibious creature’. Darwin had put forward his theory of evolution, and many people were persuaded by it.
In the early 1800s, Christianity taught that God created every species (creationism) and the ideas that Darwin proposed challenged these Christian ideals. Darwin’s book claimed that all creatures evolved from common ancestors - and this went against one of the main Christian ideas that we are created by God’s hand.

Jekyll & Hyde

This would have been very unsettling and a nightmarish notion for many Victorians. Stevenson aims to horrify the Victorian reader by engineering the themes of his novella to evoke their deep-seated fears.
Mr Hyde is described as looking “hardly human…troglodytic”. This presents him as a criminal and someone who does not fit in with the rest of society. He is a physical manifestation of the pre-human animal.
The idea that such an animal could hide behind the façade of a well-represented member of the community would have been a shocking possibility for the Victorian reader, especially in a society where the external appearances were of a high value.

Hyde - Primitive and Non-Human

The following quotes present Hyde as primitive and non-human:

“Satan’s signature upon a face” (2)

“Like a monkey jumped from among the chemicals” (8)

“Snarled aloud into a savage laugh” (2)

Science as a Fearful Force

Stevenson explores ideas of death and destruction and going against God through the theme of science.

Symbolism of Jekyll's experiments

Jekyll’s experiments cause destruction and death of the people around him, and this shows the potential of science to destroy the order of society and disrupt the rigid Victorian expectations.
Jekyll’s drugs are described as intrusive objects, “some white salt” and “some strange things” - this vague language is deliberately used to create ambiguity and mystery around his medicines, and evoke anxiety and fear in the reader.

Theories about creating life

Victorians thought that the earth was created by God - and scientists, like Darwin, challenged this theory with his ideas about evolution.
Darwin still believed that God was the ultimate lawgiver.

Jekyll's suffering

The idea that science could create life was seen as dangerous, and Jekyll’s failed experiment leaves him as “chief of sinners”.
By the final chapter, Jekyll is caught in a state of “suffering” where there is a “brute that slept” within him, and he is “tortured with throes and longings” to turn into Hyde. The language of agony that Jekyll uses links to the Christian notion of hell - his selfish motivations for the experiment leave him trapped in limbo.

1Plot Summary

1.1Chapters 1-10

1.1.1Chapters 1 & 2

1.1.2Chapters 3 & 4

1.1.3Chapters 5 & 6

1.1.4Chapters 7 & 8

1.1.5Chapters 9 & 10

1.1.6End of Topic Test - Chapters 1-6

1.1.7End of Topic Test - Chapters 7-10

2Characters

2.1Jekyll & Hyde

2.1.1Dr Henry Jekyll

2.1.2Jekyll - Name & Quotes

2.1.3Mr Edward Hyde

2.1.4Jekyll/Hyde Quotes - Chapters 1-9

2.1.5Jekyll/Hyde Quotes - Chapter 10

2.1.6End of Topic Test - Jekyll & Hyde

2.1.7Exam-Style Questions - Mr Hyde

2.2Other Characters

2.2.1Mr Gabriel John Utterson

2.2.2Dr Hastie Lanyon

2.2.3Minor Characters

2.2.4End of Topic Test - Other Characters

3Gothic Genre

3.1Gothic Elements

3.1.1Gothic Conventions

3.1.2Gothic Settings & Symbolism

3.1.3End of Topic Test - Gothic Conventions

4Key Themes

4.1Key Themes & Quotes

4.1.1Science

4.1.2Dual Nature of Man

4.1.3Religion & Sin

4.1.4Violence & Horror

4.1.5Victorian Gentlemen

4.1.6End of Topic Test - Key Themes & Quotes

5Context & Author

5.1Context & Author

5.1.1The Victorian Era

5.1.2Deacon Brodie & Freud

5.1.3End of Topic Test - Context & Author

6Literary Techniques

6.1Literary Techniques

6.1.1Language

6.1.2Structure & Form

6.1.3End of Topic Test - Literary Techniques

7Grade 9 - Key Character & Theme Questions

7.1Key Character & Themes - Linked Questions

7.1.1Grade 9 - Key Characters & Themes

7.1.2Extract Analysis - Jekyll

7.1.3Extract Analysis - Duality

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