LoN Successes & Failures

Successes and Failures of the League of Nations

In the early days of the League of Nations, a few successes enhanced its reputation. However, there were two failures in particular that undid a lot of these early gains.

Successes - territorial disputes

The League managed to settle the following territorial disputes whilst avoiding fighting:
- 1921 dispute over Upper Silesia between Poland and Germany.
- 1921 dispute over the Aaland Islands between Finland and Sweden.
- 1925 invasion of Bulgaria by Greece.

Failure - The Corfu Incident, 1923

Mussolini decided to occupy Corfu in response to the news that an Italian diplomat had been murdered there.
Mussolini wanted an apology and money from Greece, whilst the League wanted the money themselves.
The League appeared weak when Mussolini eventually managed to receive both of his demands.

Failure - French Occupation of the Ruhr, 1923

France's retaliation to Germany's inability to repay them was to occupy the industrial Ruhr region of Germany.
The League chose not to get involved.
The situation was eventually settled by the USA's Dawes Plan in 1925.

International Agreements in the 1920s

Many countries decided to bypass the League of Nations in the 1920s by signing their own treaties. Some of these agreements are outlined below:

The Dawes Plan, 1924

The Dawes Plan, which was designed by the American Charles Dawes, helped Germany pay their reparations (payments to the victors).
- Banks in the US loaned 800 million Reichsmarks (the new currency of Germany) to German industries.
- Reparation instalments (fixed regular payments) were temporarily made £50 million a year.
This plan succeeded in boosting the German economy (which was in ruins).

Locarno Pact, 1925

In 1925, Germany signed an agreement with Great Britain, France, Italy and Belgium called the Locarno Pact.
- In this pact, Germany recognised their borders with France and the demilitarisation (withdrawing military from an area) of the Rhineland.
- The Locarno Pact also paved the way for Germany to be added to the League of Nations.
But, Czechoslovakia and Poland were still concerned because the agreement said nothing about their borders with Germany.

Kellogg-Briand Pact, 1928

In 1928, Germany was one of 65 countries to sign the Kellogg-Briand Pact.
- In this pact, countries agreed to disarm (give up or reduce armed forces) and not use 'aggression' to resolve disagreements.
Downsides of this agreement were that 'aggression' wasn't defined and it was unclear what the consequences of breaking the pact would be.
Nonetheless, this pact represented a big step in the right direction towards peace.

The Young Plan, 1929

The Young Plan proposed to reduce German reparations (payments to the victors) as Germany was still having problems finding the money.
- The Young Plan aimed to lower the total reparations from £6.6 billion to £2 billion.
- The payments would continue until 1988.
Several Brits thought reducing the reparations again wasn't fair.

1Key Topics

1.1Conflict & Cooperation 1918-1939

1.1.1The Treaty of Versailles

1.1.2The Terms of Versailles 1

1.1.3The Terms of Versailles 2

1.1.4Versailles & the League of Nations

1.1.5LoN Successes & Failures

1.1.6LoN Failure - Upper Silesia

1.1.7LoN Failure - Corfu & Washington

1.1.8End of Topic Test - Treaties and Agreements

1.1.9The Great Depression

1.1.10Tension in Europe in the 1930s

1.1.11WWII & Failure of the League of Nations

1.1.12End of Topic Test - Tension in the 1930s

1.1.13Grade 9 - Conflict & Cooperation

1.2The Cold War 1945-c.1989

1.2.1Emerging US-Soviet Rivalry

1.2.2Communism in the 20th Century

1.2.3The Truman Doctrine & Marshall Plan

1.2.4East-West Alliances

1.2.5Berlin Crises

1.2.6The End of the Berlin Wall

1.2.7End of Topic Test - East & West

1.2.8Build-up to the Cuban Missile Crisis

1.2.9The Cuban Missile Crisis

1.2.10Cold War Conflict - Vietnam

1.2.11Cold War Conflict - Afghanistan

1.2.12End of Topic Test - The Cold War 1945-1989

1.2.13Grade 9 - The Cold War

1.3From the End of the Cold War to 9/11

1.3.1Reagan & Gorbachev

1.3.2Consequences of the Soviet War in Afghanistan

1.3.3End of Topic Test - End of the Cold War to 9/11

1.3.4Grade 9 - The End of the Cold War

2Changing Interpretations

2.1Changing Interpretations

2.1.1Appeasement

2.1.2The Responsibility for Cold War Tensions

2.1.3End of Topic Test - Appeasement

2.1.4Grade 9 - Changing Interpretations

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