Reforming Russia Before 1914 - Stolypin

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Peter Stolypin

Peter Stolypin was the driving force behind reform after 1905.

Stolypin's background

Stolypin had been governor of several provinces in Lithuania before the 1905 uprisings.

Stolypin's rise

In April 1906, the tsar appointed Stolypin Minister of the Interior.
In July 1906, Stolypin replaced Goremkyn as the Chairman of the Council of Ministers (chief minister in Russia).

Continued instability and the socialist threat in Russia

The Socialist Revolutionary Combat Organisation assassinated and killed political figures like Sergei Alexandrovich, the tsar's uncle and Vyacheslav von Plehve, the Minister of the Interior.
Paul Avrich estimates that 4,000 government workers were murdered by socialist organisations in 1906 and 1907.
Stolypin asked the tsar to create a reserve cabinet in case ministers were killed.

Restoring order

Stolypin survived a bombing attack on him in August 1907. He announced a state of emergency and introduced martial law.
Field courts-martial (special courts) were used to deal with these socialist terrorists. Roughly 4,000 of them were executed within 1 year. They faced secret trials immediately after being captured and were sometimes executed the next day.

'Stolypin's necktie'

The executioner's noose was known as 'Stolypin's necktie' because it was used so often.
Stolypin was meant to reform the state, however, his regime became even more autocratic.
Stolypin was condemned by the Kadet party in the Duma.

Peter Stolypin's Land Reforms

Peter Stolypin is best known for reforming agriculture (farming).

Helping the peasants

Under Sergei Witte's industrial reforms in the 1890s, the peasants had been largely ignored. Railroads and electrification were good for factories, industry, and exports (as well as foreign investors).
Peasants were still 80% of the population and little had changed since the emancipation of the serfs (peasant slaves) in 1861.

Law of November 1906

The Law of November 1906 allowed peasants to create their own small farms. They were allowed to own their land, and he hoped this would kill the support for socialism.
If people owned their own property, they would be less likely to want to revolt and make every asset in society communal.

Peasants' Land Bank

The Peasants' Land Bank had existed since the 1880s, but Stolypin scaled it up.
The loans from the Peasants' Land Bank allowed them to buy their small farms.
By 1907, 40% of all the money lent to the peasants had been paid back.

Resettlement

The government also encouraged resettlement (moving to other parts of the country). The Russian government wanted to get people out of really overcrowded cities.
From 1906 to 1910, over 600,000 people per year moved to Siberia and 10 million people lived there by 1915. However, the climate is extreme in Siberia and life is hard.

1The End of Tsardom

1.1Russia's Economy & Society

1.1.1Industrialisation

1.1.2Living & Working Conditions

1.2Nicholas II's Autocracy & the Court

1.2.1Growth of Revolutionary Opposition

1.2.2The 1905 Revolution & the October Manifesto

1.2.3Reforming Russia Before 1914 - Stolypin

1.2.4The Duma & Political Stalemate

1.3The First World War

1.3.1The Impact of Military Defeats

1.3.2Social & Economic Effects of WW1

1.3.3Romanov Unpopularity

1.3.4The Tsar's Abdication

1.3.5Top Grade AO2/3 - The End of Tsardom

2Lenin's New Society

2.1The Provisional Government

2.1.1The Failure of the Government

2.1.2Social & Economic Problems

2.1.3Lenin & Trotsky

2.1.4The Growth of the Bolsheviks

2.1.5The October / November Revolution

2.1.6Top Grade AO2/3 - The Provisional Government

2.2The Impact of Lenin's Dictatorship

2.2.1The End of the First World War

2.2.2The Cheka

2.2.3Red Terror & Centralisation

2.2.4The Civil War & The Red Army

2.2.5Propaganda

2.2.6Top Grade AO2/3 - Early Bolshevism & the Civil War

2.3Social & Economic Developments

2.3.1War Communism

2.3.2The Kronstadt Rising

2.3.3The New Economic Policy (NEP)

2.3.4The Achievements of Lenin & Trotsky

2.3.5Top Grade AO2/3 - Social & Economic Developments

3Stalin's USSR

3.1Stalin the Dictator

3.1.1The Power Struggle to Succeed Lenin

3.1.2The Communist Party & Government

3.1.3The Terror & the Purges

3.1.4The Secret Police

3.1.5Cult of Personality

3.1.6Propaganda & Censorship under Stalin

3.1.7Top Grade AO2/3 - Stalin's Dictatorship

3.2Stalin's Modernisation of the USSR

3.2.1Collectivisation

3.2.2Five Year Plans

3.2.3Social & Economic Consequences

3.2.4Social & Economic Consequences 2

3.2.5The Extent of Modernisation

3.3Impact of the Second World War

3.3.1Stalin's Wartime Leadership

3.3.2Political, Economic & Social Consequences of War

3.3.3Top Grade AO2/3 - Modernisation of the USSR

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