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Stages of Development

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The Stages of Development

Here are the stages of development of a child:

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The Holophrastic Stage

  • The Holophrastic Stage denotes the period of time when children speak using single words (or holophrases).
  • Generally speaking, this happens between 9-18 months. The holophrases are predominately (but not always) nouns.
  • The holophrases will often encompass many meanings and moods. For example, juice could mean:
    • Can I have some juice? (Interrogative)
    • Give me juice! (Imperative)
    • There’s the juice. (declarative)
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The Two-Word Stage

  • Often confused with the Telegraphic Stage, this stage denotes utterances of two words only.
  • This stage occurs between 18 and 24 months.
  • Other word classes start to emerge, but nouns still dominate.
  • Syntax is explored (correctly).
    • Subject-verb (‘Robin jump’).
    • Verb-object (‘jump dog’).
    • Noun phrases (pre-mod adj + noun – ‘big dog’).
  • Inflections are not applied to verbs.
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Telegraphic Stage

  • The Telegraphic Stage denotes when a child is speaking using utterances with just enough information. This word ‘telegraphic’ stems from the word ‘telegram’.
  • Roughly occurs between 24 and 30 months.
  • A wider range of word classes are acquired (particularly pronouns, followed by determiners and prepositions).
  • For example:
    • ‘Rory want food’.
    • ‘This coat all wet’.
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2.5-5 years

  • From 2.5 years old onwards, there is rapid expansion through to 5 years old. In particular, more frequent adjectives.
  • Between 3-5 years, the child enters the complex utterance stage (sometimes referred to as the Post-telegraphic Stage).
  • This includes time features, contracted negatives and increasingly accurate inflections.
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Negation

  • Within the acquisition of language and word order, a child quickly learns to use negations.
  • Between being Holophrastic and Two Word, the child starts to front negatives like ‘no like that’.
  • As we approach the Telegraphic stage, the child is starting to place negatives before the main verb like ‘don’t like you’.
  • Past this, negation is almost always correct and errors tend to be virtuous.

Stages of Development - David Crystal

David Crystal states that children will have the following linguistic abilities at their disposal at these ages:

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Up to 1 years old

  • 'Scribble talk’ – sounds like adult speech, but has no meaning.
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1 year, 8 months old

  • Around 50 words in their lexicon.
  • Littered with reduplication and overextension.
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2 years old

  • Inflections are emerging, but are insecure.
  • Around 300 words known.
  • Object permanence emerges. This is the understanding that objects exist even when you can't see them.
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3 years old

  • Up to 10 words are being used per sentence utterance.
  • Vocabulary is too big and varied to accurately estimate.
  • Irregular verbs and nouns cause problems (e.g. 'run' and 'mouse').
  • Parataxis (repeated use of coordinating conjunctions like ‘and’) begins to be used.
  • Multiple negation/double negatives start to happen – the child does not grasp that negatives cancel each other out.
  • Contractions begin to be used.

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