States of Matter

Test yourself

States of Matter

Substances can exist in 3 different states of matter.

Solid

A solid has a fixed shape because of the strong forces between its particles.
Solids cannot be compressed because their particles are already very close together and cannot flow.
The particles in a solid are arranged in an ordered pattern.
The particles in a solid move around a fixed point.

Liquid

Liquids cannot be compressed because their particles are already very close together.
In a liquid, the particles are in contact with one another, but they can still move. This allows a liquid to flow and take the shape of its container.
Particles in a liquid are arranged in a disordered pattern.

Illustrative background for Gas ?? "content

Gas

Gases can be compressed because their particles are very far apart.
- When water evaporates to become steam (gas), its volume increases by 1000x.
The particles in a gas are free to move in any direction. Because of this, a gas can flow, has no fixed shape and completely fills its container.
The particles in a gas move randomly and are not organised in any way.

1Forces & Motion

1.1Basics of Motion

1.1.1Average Speed

1.1.2Acceleration

1.1.3Distance & Displacement

1.1.4Velocity

1.1.5Adding Vectors

1.1.6Distance-Time Graphs

1.1.7Speed-Time Graphs 1

1.1.8Speed-Time Graphs 2

1.1.9Initial & Final Speed, Acceleration, Distance

1.1.10Average Speed - Calculations

1.1.11Acceleration - Calculations

1.1.12Uniform Acceleration - Calculations

1.1.13Grade 9 - Motion

1.1.14Exam-Style Questions - Graphs of Motion

1.2Forces

1.2.1Contact & Non-Contact Forces

1.2.2Examples of Contact Forces

1.2.3Friction

1.2.4Newton's First Law

1.2.5Newton's Second Law

1.2.6Newton's Third Law

1.2.7Describing Forces

1.2.8Using Free Body Diagrams

1.3Effects of Forces

1.3.1Momentum - No Impulse

1.3.2Momentum

1.3.3Momentum: Law of Conservation

1.3.4Force & Momentum Change

1.3.5Momentum - Safety

1.3.6Change in Momentum - Calculations

1.3.7Momentum - Calculations

1.3.8Mass

1.3.9Weight

1.3.10Centre of Mass

1.3.11Gravity - Calculations

1.3.12Free Fall

1.3.13Air Resistance & Friction

1.3.14Graphs of Motion with Air Resistance

1.3.15Turning Effect

1.3.16Moments

1.3.17Equilibrium

1.3.18Moments - Calculations

1.3.19Exam-Style Questions - Moments

1.4Stopping Distance

1.4.1Stopping Distance

1.4.2Stopping Distance - Thinking Distance

1.4.3Stopping Distance - Braking Distance

1.5Forces & Elasticity

1.5.1Stretching, Bending & Compressing

1.5.2Elastic Deformation vs Inelastic Deformation

1.5.3Hooke's Law

1.5.4Hooke's Law - Equation

1.5.5Hooke's Law - Spring Experiments

1.5.6Hooke's Law - Calculations

1.5.7Elastic Potential - Calculations

1.5.8End of Topic Test - Forces

1.5.9Exam-Style Questions - Elastic Potential

2Electricity

2.1Electricity in Homes

2.1.1Mains Electricity

2.1.2Power Rating of Appliances

2.1.3National Grid

2.1.4AC/DC

2.1.5Electrical Safety

2.1.6Fuses

2.1.7Fuse Ratings

2.2Current & Potential Difference

2.2.1Current

2.2.2Current - Equation

2.2.3Current - Calculations

2.2.4Conductors & Insulators

2.2.5Electrical Conductors - Electrons

2.2.6Potential Difference

2.2.7Potential Difference - Equation

2.2.8Measurements in Circuits

2.2.9Voltage - Calculations

2.3Resistance & Power

2.3.1Resistance

2.3.2Ohm's Law

2.3.3Measuring Resistance

2.3.4Resistance & Ohms Law - Calculations

2.3.5Variable Resistance

2.3.6Current-Voltage Graph for a Resistor

2.3.7Electrical Work

2.3.8Power

2.3.9Heating Effect in Resistors

2.3.10Electrical Work - Calculations

2.3.11Exam-Style Questions - Resistance

2.4Electric Circuits

2.4.1Circuit Diagrams

2.4.2Circuit Symbols

2.4.3Diodes

2.4.4LDRs & Thermistors

2.4.5Series Circuits

2.4.6Resistors in Series

2.4.7Series Circuits - Calculations

2.4.8Parallel Circuits

2.4.9Parallel Circuits in Practice

2.4.10End of Topic Test - Electricity

2.4.11Grade 9 - Circuits

2.4.12Exam-Style Questions - Electrical Circuits

2.5Static Electricity

2.5.1Electric Charge

2.5.2Charging an Object

2.5.3Charged Objects

2.5.4Uses of Static Electricity

2.5.5Charge Dangers

2.5.6Calculating Power & Energy Transferred

3Waves

3.1Wave Basics

3.1.1Wave Basics

3.1.2Transverse Waves

3.1.3Longitudinal Waves

3.1.4Wave Frequency Formula

3.1.5Wavelength & Amplitude

3.1.6Wave Speed

3.1.7Wave Speed - Calculations

3.1.8Wave Frequency - Calculations

3.1.9Wavefronts

3.1.10Doppler Effect

3.1.11Exam-Style Questions - Wave Speed

3.2Waves at a Boundary

3.2.1Changing Wave Motion

3.2.2Reflection

3.2.3Refraction

3.2.4Angle of Refraction

3.2.5Refractive Index 1

3.2.6Refractive Index 2

3.2.7Total Internal Reflection

3.2.8Optic Fibres

3.3Electromagnetic Spectrum

3.3.1Properties of Electromagnetic Waves

3.3.2Gamma Rays

3.3.3X-Rays

3.3.4UV Light

3.3.5Visible Light

3.3.6Infrared Radiation

3.3.7Microwaves

3.3.8Radio Waves

3.3.9End of Topic Test - EM Waves

3.3.10Exam-Style Questions - Electromagnetic Wave Uses

3.4Sound Waves

3.4.1Sound Waves

3.4.2Sound Waves & Our Ears

3.4.3Sound as a Wave

3.4.4Signal Generators

3.4.5Sound Waves - Oscilloscope Traces

3.4.6Measuring the Speed of Sound - Experiment

3.4.7End of Topic Test - Waves

3.5Communications

3.5.1Digital & Analogue Signals

3.5.2Benefits of Digital Signals

4Energy Resources & Energy Transfers

4.1Energy Changes

4.1.1Energy Stores

4.1.2Conservation of Energy

4.1.3Examples of Energy Conversion

4.1.4Kinetic Energy Stored

4.1.5Gravitational Potential Energy Stored

4.1.6Elastic Potential Energy Stored

4.1.7Changes in Kinetic Energy - Calculations

4.1.8Changes in GPE - Calculations

4.1.9Changes in EPE - Calculations

4.1.10Mechanical Work Done

4.1.11Mechanical Work Done - Equation

4.1.12Power

4.1.13Mechanical Work - Calculations

4.1.14Electrical Work Done- Calculations

4.2Energy Losses & Efficiency

4.2.1Energy Wastage

4.2.2Energy Transfer Diagrams

4.2.3Efficiency

4.2.4Reducing Unwanted Energy Transfer

4.2.5Efficiency - Calculations

4.2.6Grade 9 - Energy & Efficiency

4.2.7Exam-Style Questions - Energy & Power

4.3Energy Resources

4.3.1Energy Resources

4.3.2Fossil Fuels

4.3.3Geothermal Energy

4.3.4Wind Energy

4.3.5Water Energy

4.3.6Tidal Energy

4.3.7Nuclear Energy

4.3.8Solar Energy

4.3.9Non-Renewable & Renewable Resources

4.3.10Renewable Energy

4.3.11Limits to Renewable Energy Resources

4.3.12End of Topic Test - Energy

4.4Thermal Processes

4.4.1Radiation

4.4.2Conduction

4.4.3Molecular Conduction

4.4.4Convection Currents

4.4.5Convection Currents - Examples

5Solids, Liquids & Gases

5.1Density & Pressure

5.1.1Density

5.1.2Density Equation

5.1.3Calculating Density

5.1.4Density - Calculations

5.1.5Pressure

5.1.6Atmospheric Pressure

5.1.7Pressure Difference

5.1.8Pressure - Calculations

5.2Changing State

5.2.1Changes of State

5.2.2States of Matter

5.2.3Specific Heat Capacity

5.2.4Exam-Style Questions - Specific Heat

5.2.5Internal Energy - Calculations

5.3Ideal Gases

5.3.1Kelvin Scale & Absolute Zero

5.3.2Temperature & the Kelvin Scale

5.3.3Properties of Gases

5.3.4Temperature Increase in a Gas

5.3.5End of Topic Test - Solids, Liquids & Gases

5.3.6Grade 9 - Solids, Liquids & Gases

6Magnetism & Electromagnetism

6.1Magnetism

6.1.1Magnetism

6.1.2Magnetic Materials

6.1.3Hard & Soft Magnets

6.1.4Induced Magnetism

6.1.5Magnetic Forces

6.1.6Magnetic Field Patterns

6.1.7Exam-Style Questions - Magnetic Fields

6.2Electromagnetism

6.2.1The Magnetic Effect of a Current

6.2.2Magnetic Field around a Coil of Wire

6.2.3Magnetic Field Strength

6.2.4The Motor Effect

6.2.5Direction of the Motor Effect

6.2.6The Catapult Experiment

6.2.7Force on a Current Carrying Wire

6.2.8DC Motors

6.2.9Loudspeakers

6.2.10Magnetic Flux - Calculations

6.3Electromagnetic Induction

6.3.1Electromagnetic Induction

6.3.2Induced Potential Difference

6.3.3Alternating Current - The Rotating-Coil Generator

6.4Transformers

6.4.1Transformers

6.4.2Transformer Equation

6.4.3Step-Up & Step-Down Transformers

6.4.4Principles of Transformer Operation

6.4.5High-Voltage Transmission & Transformers

6.4.6Transformers - Calculations

6.4.7Transformers 2 - Calculations

6.4.8Energy in Transformers

6.4.9Power Losses in Cables

6.4.10End of Topic Test - Magnetism

6.4.11Grade 9 - Transformers

6.4.12Exam-Style Questions - Transformers

7Radioactivity & Particles

7.1Atoms

7.1.1Atomic Model

7.1.2Structure of an Atom

7.1.3The Charges of Sub-Atomic Particles

7.1.4Alpha Particles

7.1.5The Model of the Atom

7.1.6Proton & Nucleon Numbers

7.1.7Atoms & Ions

7.1.8Isotopes 1

7.1.9Isotopes 2

7.1.10Carbon Nuclides

7.2Radioactivity

8Astrophysics

8.1Motion in the Universe

8.1.1The Solar System

8.1.2Gravitational Field Strength

8.1.3Orbits

8.1.4Orbital Motion

8.2Evolution of Stars

8.2.1Life Cycle of a Star like the Sun

8.2.2Life Cycle of a Star Much Bigger than the Sun

8.2.3Absolute Magnitude

8.2.4Hertzsprung-Russell Diagrams

8.2.5Exam-Style Questions - Life Cycle of a Star

8.3Cosmology

8.3.1The Big Bang

8.3.2Evidence for the Big Bang

8.3.3CMB Radiation

8.3.4End of Topic Test - Astrophysics

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