Source: https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/6-2-1-data-protection-act-1998

[Revision notes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes.md) › [KS3](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3.md) › [Computer Science](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science.md) › [Computer Science: KS3](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3.md) › Data Protection Act (1998)

# Data Protection Act (1998)

Computer Science: KS3, topic 6.2.1

## Data Protection Act (1998)

As the quantity of sensitive data stored about users increases, it is important that legislation is in place to protect it.

### Purpose of the DPA

![Purpose of the DPA](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-08/ee502b64-f880-42af-ab0f-0d4898945ff4/DPA-Data-protection-act-censor-.jpg)

- The DPA was first published in 1998.
- It determines what organisations can do with the personal data that they have collected.
- The DPA also defines the rights of the individual over the data that is stored about them.
- In 2018, the DPA was strengthened by the introduction of a new act called General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR).

### Principles of the DPA

![Principles of the DPA](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-08/030c6f7e-a237-4c06-8c2c-0eb24b4b6963/writing-data-pen-paper-.jpg)

- There are eight principles (rules) in the DPA.
- The first four rules are:
 - Data must be used and processed in a fair and lawful way.
 - Data must only be used for the stated purpose.
 - Data must be adequate, relevant and not excessive for the specified use.
 - Data must be accurate and kept up-to-date.

### Principles of the DPA

![Principles of the DPA](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-08/f44c2a8b-5e26-4a31-b11b-394179b30b60/files-1614223_1920.jpg)

- There are eight principles (rules) in the DPA.
- The second four rules are:
 - Data should not be kept longer than necessary.
 - Data should only be used according to the rights of the data subject.
 - Data should be kept safe and secure.
 - Data must not be transferred to organisations within other countries that do not offer a similar level of protection.

### The Data Protection Act 2018

![The Data Protection Act 2018](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-07/ba0efdcb-4816-46d6-aa4f-bc6af0760e66/WAN-Wired-Area-Connection-City-Lights-Night-.jpg)

- The Data Protection Act 2018 is an updated data protection law, that brings the EU GDPR to UK law. 
- The Data Protection Act 1998 formed the origins of the GDPR law, but each act has its differences.
 - The 'right to erasure' in each act is different - there are more exemptions in the 2018 version.
- The Data Protection Act 2018 requires companies to run a GDPR audit.

## Computer Misuse Act (1990)

The Computer Misuse Act (1990) was introduced to protect against hacking and cybercrime. It consists of three offences:

### Unauthorised access

![Unauthorised access](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-07/10e05be2-8d95-472e-9449-3c5e7078d4c6/Internet-wifi-Password-Screen-Computer-.jpg)

- It is illegal to attempt to access a computer or its contents without authorisation.

### Unauthorised access with intent

![Unauthorised access with intent](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-07/f42c89c8-6068-4e52-8cc0-6f9a3b2aaf48/Crime-Criminal-BadGuy-Hood.jpg)

- It is illegal to attempt to access a network or device with the intent of committing further criminal activity.

### Unauthorised modification

![Unauthorised modification](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-08/4f79077f-742f-4f70-8fa6-2f749077e689/Malware-Virus-Computer-Internet-.jpg)

- It is illegal to intend to modify or destroy a computer system, software or data without authorisation.
- For example, this makes creating, obtaining or deploying malware a criminal offence.

## Freedom of Information Act (2000)

The freedom of information (FOI) act regards how data is kept within public bodies.

### What is a public body?

![What is a public body?](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-04/a2faa896-56bb-4606-ba33-917fb6876d6c/shutterstock_772762645.jpg)

- A public body is an organisation that provides a public service.
- Public bodies include:
 - Hospitals.
 - Schools.
 - Police forces.
 - Armed forces.
 - Government.

### What is the FOI act?

![What is the FOI act?](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-03/2f71c0c3-7b6b-4a7f-a48a-35a669deecab/shutterstock_185570417.jpg)

- The FOI act states that public bodies must regularly publish certain information.
- It also gives members of the public the right to request information that is held by public bodies.

### What can be requested?

![What can be requested?](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/biology/5.2.1%20-%20The%20nervous%20system/cctv-watching.jpg)

- Members of the public can request:
 - CCTV footage.
 - Statistics.
 - Financial information.
 - Activity logs.
- The public body does not need to release the information if releasing the information would cause harm to an individual or endanger national security.

## Test yourself on Data Protection Act (1998)

- The Data Protection Act defines the rights of the individual over what?
- What is the short name of the new data regulation, introduced in 2018?
- An employee guesses their manager's password and logs into their account to read private files. Which offence under the Computer Misuse Act has been committed?
- A cleaner has found that a computer in an office has been left unlocked. The cleaner uses the computer to check their emails. Is this a breach of the computer misuse act?
- Which of these is an example of a public body?

[Practise this topic for free](https://app.senecalearning.com/classroom/course/b89946c5-cfe7-42d6-ae51-9b4631a07589/section/a8a2c739-c729-4623-bd00-9b12c7ef9051/session)

- Previous topic: [6.1.8 Getting Help](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/6-1-8-getting-help.md)
- Next topic: [6.2.2 Computer Misuse Act (1990)](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/6-2-2-computer-misuse-act-1990.md)

## Computer Science: KS3 contents

### 1 Computational Thinking & Algorithms
- 1.1 Computational Thinking
  - [1.1.1 Abstraction Thinking](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/1-1-1-abstraction-thinking.md)
  - [1.1.2 Decomposition Thinking](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/1-1-2-decomposition-thinking.md)
  - [1.1.3 Algorithmic Thinking](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/1-1-3-algorithmic-thinking.md)
- 1.2 Algorithms
  - [1.2.1 Algorithms](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/1-2-1-algorithms.md)
  - [1.2.2 Pseudocode](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/1-2-2-pseudocode.md)
  - [1.2.3 Flow Diagrams](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/1-2-3-flow-diagrams.md)
  - [1.2.4 Logical Reasoning & Debugging](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/1-2-4-logical-reasoning-and-debugging.md)
  - [1.2.5 Reading Algorithms](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/1-2-5-reading-algorithms.md)
  - [1.2.6 Correcting Algorithms](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/1-2-6-correcting-algorithms.md)
  - [1.2.7 Complete the Algorithm](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/1-2-7-complete-the-algorithm.md)
  - [1.2.8 Search Algorithms](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/1-2-8-search-algorithms.md)
  - [1.2.9 Linear Search](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/1-2-9-linear-search.md)
  - [1.2.10 Binary Search](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/1-2-10-binary-search.md)
  - [1.2.11 Sort Algorithms](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/1-2-11-sort-algorithms.md)
  - [1.2.12 Bubble Sort](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/1-2-12-bubble-sort.md)
  - [1.2.13 Insertion Sort](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/1-2-13-insertion-sort.md)
  - [1.2.14 End of Topic Test - Algorithms](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/1-2-14-end-of-topic-test-algorithms.md)

### 2 Programming
- 2.1 Programming Fundamentals
  - [2.1.1 Variables & Constants](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/2-1-1-variables-and-constants.md)
  - [2.1.2 Comments](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/2-1-2-comments.md)
  - [2.1.3 Input & Output](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/2-1-3-input-and-output.md)
  - [2.1.4 Arithmetic Operators](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/2-1-4-arithmetic-operators.md)
  - [2.1.5 Relational Operators](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/2-1-5-relational-operators.md)
  - [2.1.6 Boolean Operators](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/2-1-6-boolean-operators.md)
  - [2.1.7 Sequence](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/2-1-7-sequence.md)
  - [2.1.8 Selection](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/2-1-8-selection.md)
  - [2.1.9 Iteration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/2-1-9-iteration.md)
  - [2.1.10 Subroutines](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/2-1-10-subroutines.md)
  - [2.1.11 Scope](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/2-1-11-scope.md)
  - [2.1.12 Data Types](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/2-1-12-data-types.md)
  - [2.1.13 Casting](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/2-1-13-casting.md)
  - [2.1.14 Arrays](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/2-1-14-arrays.md)
  - [2.1.15 2D Arrays](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/2-1-15-2d-arrays.md)
  - [2.1.16 Lists](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/2-1-16-lists.md)
  - [2.1.17 2D Lists](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/2-1-17-2d-lists.md)
  - [2.1.18 Strings](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/2-1-18-strings.md)
  - [2.1.19 Syntax Errors](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/2-1-19-syntax-errors.md)
  - [2.1.20 Logic Errors](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/2-1-20-logic-errors.md)
  - [2.1.21 Runtime Errors](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/2-1-21-runtime-errors.md)
  - [2.1.22 End of Topic Test - Programming](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/2-1-22-end-of-topic-test-programming.md)
- 2.2 Designing Code
  - [2.2.1 Code](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/2-2-1-code.md)
  - [2.2.2 Programs](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/2-2-2-programs.md)
  - [2.2.3 Writing Your Own Program](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/2-2-3-writing-your-own-program.md)
  - [2.2.4 Designing a ‘Basketball’ Game](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/2-2-4-designing-a-basketball-game.md)
  - [2.2.5 Turning an Algorithm into an App](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/2-2-5-turning-an-algorithm-into-an-app.md)
  - [2.2.6 End of Topic Test - Designing Code](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/2-2-6-end-of-topic-test-designing-code.md)
- 2.3 Python
  - [2.3.1 Introduction to Python](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/2-3-1-introduction-to-python.md)
  - [2.3.2 Input](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/2-3-2-input.md)
  - [2.3.3 Output](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/2-3-3-output.md)
  - [2.3.4 Casting](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/2-3-4-casting.md)
  - [2.3.5 Type Coercion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/2-3-5-type-coercion.md)
  - [2.3.6 Selection](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/2-3-6-selection.md)
  - [2.3.7 Iteration](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/2-3-7-iteration.md)
  - [2.3.8 Files](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/2-3-8-files.md)
  - [2.3.9 File Handling](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/2-3-9-file-handling.md)
  - [2.3.10 Identifiers](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/2-3-10-identifiers.md)
  - [2.3.11 Whitespace](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/2-3-11-whitespace.md)
  - [2.3.12 Comments](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/2-3-12-comments.md)
  - [2.3.13 Exceptions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/2-3-13-exceptions.md)

### 3 Hardware & Software
- 3.1 Hardware
  - [3.1.1 Elements of Computer Systems](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/3-1-1-elements-of-computer-systems.md)
  - [3.1.2 Central Processing Unit (CPU)](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/3-1-2-central-processing-unit-cpu.md)
  - [3.1.3 Registers of the Central Processing Unit (CPU)](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/3-1-3-registers-of-the-central-processing-unit-cpu.md)
  - [3.1.4 Factors Affecting CPU Performance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/3-1-4-factors-affecting-cpu-performance.md)
  - [3.1.5 Fetch-Decode-Execute Cycle](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/3-1-5-fetch-decode-execute-cycle.md)
  - [3.1.6 Binary Systems](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/3-1-6-binary-systems.md)
  - [3.1.7 Logic Circuits](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/3-1-7-logic-circuits.md)
  - [3.1.8 Boolean Logic](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/3-1-8-boolean-logic.md)
  - [3.1.9 End of Topic Test - Logic](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/3-1-9-end-of-topic-test-logic.md)
- 3.2 Software
  - [3.2.1 System Software](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/3-2-1-system-software.md)

### 4 Data
- 4.1 Representing Data
  - [4.1.1 Binary](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/4-1-1-binary.md)
  - [4.1.2 Converting Binary & Hexadecimal](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/4-1-2-converting-binary-and-hexadecimal.md)
  - [4.1.3 Converting Denary & Hexadecimal](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/4-1-3-converting-denary-and-hexadecimal.md)
  - [4.1.4 Binary Arithmetic](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/4-1-4-binary-arithmetic.md)
  - [4.1.5 Representing Sound](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/4-1-5-representing-sound.md)
  - [4.1.6 Representing Images](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/4-1-6-representing-images.md)
  - [4.1.7 Character Sets](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/4-1-7-character-sets.md)
  - [4.1.8 American Standard Code for Information Interchange](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/4-1-8-american-standard-code-for-information-interchange.md)
  - [4.1.9 Unicode](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/4-1-9-unicode.md)
  - [4.1.10 End of Topic Test - Representation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/4-1-10-end-of-topic-test-representation.md)

### 5 The Internet
- 5.1 Networks
  - [5.1.1 Networks](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/5-1-1-networks.md)
  - [5.1.2 Geographical Classification of Networks](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/5-1-2-geographical-classification-of-networks.md)
  - [5.1.3 What is the Internet?](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/5-1-3-what-is-the-internet.md)
  - [5.1.4 The World Wide Web](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/5-1-4-the-world-wide-web.md)
  - [5.1.5 Uniform Resource Locators (URLs)](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/5-1-5-uniform-resource-locators-urls.md)
  - [5.1.6 Web Hosting](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/5-1-6-web-hosting.md)
  - [5.1.7 HTML](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/5-1-7-html.md)
  - [5.1.8 Searching the World Wide Web](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/5-1-8-searching-the-world-wide-web.md)
  - [5.1.9 Good Searching Tips](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/5-1-9-good-searching-tips.md)
  - [5.1.10 Are You Looking at Reliable Information?](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/5-1-10-are-you-looking-at-reliable-information.md)

### 6 Online Safety & Security
- 6.1 Protecting Yourself Online
  - [6.1.1 Digital Footprints](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/6-1-1-digital-footprints.md)
  - [6.1.2 Leaving a Safe Online Footprint](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/6-1-2-leaving-a-safe-online-footprint.md)
  - [6.1.3 Online Safety](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/6-1-3-online-safety.md)
  - [6.1.4 Malware - Viruses](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/6-1-4-malware-viruses.md)
  - [6.1.5 Malware](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/6-1-5-malware.md)
  - [6.1.6 People Online](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/6-1-6-people-online.md)
  - [6.1.7 Your Feelings](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/6-1-7-your-feelings.md)
  - [6.1.8 Getting Help](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/6-1-8-getting-help.md)
- 6.2 Computing and the Law
  - [6.2.1 Data Protection Act (1998)](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/6-2-1-data-protection-act-1998.md)
  - [6.2.2 Computer Misuse Act (1990)](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/6-2-2-computer-misuse-act-1990.md)
  - [6.2.3 Freedom of Information Act (2000)](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/6-2-3-freedom-of-information-act-2000.md)
  - [6.2.4 Plagiarism](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/6-2-4-plagiarism.md)
  - [6.2.5 Copyright](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/6-2-5-copyright.md)
  - [6.2.6 Copyright Designs and Patents Act (1988)](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/6-2-6-copyright-designs-and-patents-act-1988.md)
  - [6.2.7 Creative Commons Licensing](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/ks3/computer-science/computer-science-ks3/6-2-7-creative-commons-licensing.md)