Source: https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/9-1-1-circular-motion

[Revision notes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes.md) › [International A Level](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level.md) › [Physics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics.md) › [Cambridge International](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international.md) › Circular Motion

# Circular Motion

Physics: Cambridge International A Level, topic 9.1.1

## Radians

A radian is another unit for measuring angles. There are $$2\pi$$ radians in a full circle. The radian unit can be written as rad.

### Definition of a radian

![Definition of a radian](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2020-01/d2428b83-9e65-493c-8f4b-6147604f6bdb/radians-one%20(1)-min.png)

- The angle between two radii of a circle connected by an arc length that is equal in length to the radius is equal to one radian.

### Comparison to degrees

![Comparison to degrees](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-10/f60bde70-5739-4c4e-a785-760e8c67626e/radians-two.png)

- There are 2$$\pi$$ radians and 360 degrees in a circle. 
- If an object travels all the way around a circle it has done one revolution. 
 - $$1\text{ rad}=\frac{360}{2\pi} \approx 57.3^o$$

### Change in angle

![Change in angle](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2020-01/aeb582f2-56a5-42d4-b031-c5d18c7a9885/radians-one(2)-min.png)

- For a circle of radius $$r$$, the change in angle is equal to the distance moved along the circumference divided by the radius.
- The distance along the circumference moved is $$\Delta s$$.
- This can be written as $$\Delta\theta = \frac{\Delta s}{r}$$

## Angular Speed

Angular speed measures how quickly an object is rotating. The units of angular speed are radians per second (rad s-1).

### Calculating angular velocity

![Calculating angular velocity](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-03/2401fda7-8c78-479a-8aea-0c31994e4384/shutterstock_259083062.jpg)

- Angular velocity is the change in angle of an object over a period of time. The equation for calculating angular velocity is:
 - Angular velocity = change in angle ÷ change in time
 - $$\omega = {\Delta\theta} / {\Delta}t$$

### Comparison to linear velocity

![Comparison to linear velocity](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/physics/1.5.1%20Energy%20Changes/kinetic-energy-min.jpg)

- Linear velocity is when an object is travelling in a straight line:
 - $$v={\Delta}s/{\Delta}t$$
- The radian equation helps us compare linear and angular velocity:
 - $${\Delta}s=r{\Delta\theta}$$
- By substituting one into the other, we get the following equation:
 - $$v=r{\omega}$$
- From this equation, we know that linear velocity is proportional to the distance from the centre, r.

## Period of Circular Motion

In circular motion, the period and frequency are linked to the angular speed. These are helpful quantities to know if we need to calculate the angular speed.

### Period and frequency

![Period and frequency](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-03/5d4dcdba-cd42-42b4-8835-c568d153ff28/shutterstock_307728176.jpg)

- In circular motion, the period of an object is how long it takes to travel all the way around the circle. 
- In circular motion, the frequency of an object is how many times it goes around the circle in one second. 
 - Period = 1 ÷ frequency of the object 
 - $$T=1\;{\div}\;f$$

### Calculating angular speed

![Calculating angular speed](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-08/c93b84e7-95d9-40bc-acf6-a44979b8c28f/man-thinking-memory-thought.jpg)

- The equation for calculating angular speed is:
 - Angular velocity = 2 × pi × frequency of the object
 - $${\omega}=2{\pi}\; {\times}\; f$$
- By using $$T=1\;{\div}\;f$$, we get:
 - $${\omega}=2{\pi}\;{\div}\;T$$

## Test yourself on Circular Motion

- How many radians make a full turn?
- What is π radians in degrees?
- What is the correct equation for angular speed?
- How does the linear velocity of an object relate to the angular velocity?
- What is the period of an object moving around a circle?

[Practise this topic for free](https://app.senecalearning.com/classroom/course/1b5bc325-d783-4d2c-99cd-5a7d913debfc/section/2255154a-be98-4331-8512-53e1583563fb/session)

- Previous topic: [8.1.10 End of Topic Test - Diffraction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/8-1-10-end-of-topic-test-diffraction.md)
- Next topic: [9.1.2 Circular Motion 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/9-1-2-circular-motion-2.md)

## Physics: Cambridge International A Level contents

### 1 Physical Quantities & Units
- 1.1 Physical Quantities & Units
  - [1.1.1 Use of SI Units](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/1-1-1-use-of-si-units.md)
  - [1.1.2 SI Prefixes, Standard Form & Converting Units](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/1-1-2-si-prefixes-standard-form-and-converting-units.md)
  - [1.1.3 End of Topic Test - Units & Prefixes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/1-1-3-end-of-topic-test-units-and-prefixes.md)
  - [1.1.4 Avogadro's Constant](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/1-1-4-avogadros-constant.md)
  - [1.1.5 Scalars & Vectors](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/1-1-5-scalars-and-vectors.md)
- 1.2 Errors & Uncertainty
  - [1.2.1 Measuring Length, Time & Volume](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/1-2-1-measuring-length-time-and-volume.md)
  - [1.2.2 Measuring Temperature](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/1-2-2-measuring-temperature.md)
  - [1.2.3 Circuit Measurements](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/1-2-3-circuit-measurements.md)
  - [1.2.4 Limitation of Physical Measurements](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/1-2-4-limitation-of-physical-measurements.md)
  - [1.2.5 Uncertainty](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/1-2-5-uncertainty.md)
  - [1.2.6 Estimation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/1-2-6-estimation.md)
  - [1.2.7 Displaying Data](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/1-2-7-displaying-data.md)
  - [1.2.8 End of Topic Test - Measurements & Errors](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/1-2-8-end-of-topic-test-measurements-and-errors.md)

### 2 Kinematics
- 2.1 Equations of Motion
  - [2.1.1 Motion in a Straight Line](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/2-1-1-motion-in-a-straight-line.md)
  - [2.1.2 Graphs of Motion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/2-1-2-graphs-of-motion.md)
  - [2.1.3 Bouncing Ball Example](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/2-1-3-bouncing-ball-example.md)
  - [2.1.4 End of Topic Test - Motion in a Straight Line](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/2-1-4-end-of-topic-test-motion-in-a-straight-line.md)
  - [2.1.5 Acceleration Due to Gravity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/2-1-5-acceleration-due-to-gravity.md)

### 3 Dynamics
- 3.1 Momentum & Newton's Laws of Motion
  - [3.1.1 Mass & Inertia](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/3-1-1-mass-and-inertia.md)
  - [3.1.2 Newton's Laws](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/3-1-2-newtons-laws.md)
  - [3.1.3 Momentum](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/3-1-3-momentum.md)
  - [3.1.4 End of Topic Test - Newton's Laws & Momentum](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/3-1-4-end-of-topic-test-newtons-laws-and-momentum.md)
  - [3.1.5 A-A* (AO3/4) - Newton's Third Law](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/3-1-5-a-a-ao34-newtons-third-law.md)
- 3.2 Non-Uniform Motion
  - [3.2.1 Projectile Motion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/3-2-1-projectile-motion.md)
- 3.3 Linear Momentum & Conservation
  - [3.3.1 Conservation of Momentum](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/3-3-1-conservation-of-momentum.md)

### 4 Force, Density & Pressure
- 4.1 Force, Density & Pressure
  - [4.1.1 Fields](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/4-1-1-fields.md)
  - [4.1.2 Force in Uniform Fields](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/4-1-2-force-in-uniform-fields.md)
  - [4.1.3 Friction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/4-1-3-friction.md)
  - [4.1.4 Buoyancy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/4-1-4-buoyancy.md)
  - [4.1.5 Terminal Speed](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/4-1-5-terminal-speed.md)
  - [4.1.6 End of Topic Test - Acceleration Due to Gravity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/4-1-6-end-of-topic-test-acceleration-due-to-gravity.md)
  - [4.1.7 Centre of Mass](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/4-1-7-centre-of-mass.md)
  - [4.1.8 Forces & Equilibrium](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/4-1-8-forces-and-equilibrium.md)
  - [4.1.9 End of Topic Test - Scalars & Vectors](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/4-1-9-end-of-topic-test-scalars-and-vectors.md)
  - [4.1.10 Moments](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/4-1-10-moments.md)
  - [4.1.11 End of Topic Test - Moments & Centre of Mass](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/4-1-11-end-of-topic-test-moments-and-centre-of-mass.md)
  - [4.1.12 Density](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/4-1-12-density.md)
  - [4.1.13 Pressure](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/4-1-13-pressure.md)

### 5 Work, Energy & Power
- 5.1 Work, Energy & Power
  - [5.1.1 Work & Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/5-1-1-work-and-energy.md)
  - [5.1.2 Power & Efficiency](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/5-1-2-power-and-efficiency.md)
  - [5.1.3 Conservation of Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/5-1-3-conservation-of-energy.md)
  - [5.1.4 End of Topic Test - Work, Energy & Power](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/5-1-4-end-of-topic-test-work-energy-and-power.md)
- 5.2 Gravitational Fields
  - [5.2.1 Newton's Law](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/5-2-1-newtons-law.md)
  - [5.2.2 Gravitational Field Strength](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/5-2-2-gravitational-field-strength.md)
  - [5.2.3 Gravitational Potential](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/5-2-3-gravitational-potential.md)

### 6 Deformation of Solids
- 6.1 Materials
  - [6.1.1 Bulk Properties of Solids](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/6-1-1-bulk-properties-of-solids.md)
  - [6.1.2 Energy in Materials](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/6-1-2-energy-in-materials.md)
  - [6.1.3 Young Modulus](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/6-1-3-young-modulus.md)
  - [6.1.4 End of Topic Test - Materials](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/6-1-4-end-of-topic-test-materials.md)

### 7 Waves
- 7.1 Simple Harmonic Motion
  - [7.1.1 Simple Harmonic Motion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/7-1-1-simple-harmonic-motion.md)
  - [7.1.2 Simple Harmonic Systems](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/7-1-2-simple-harmonic-systems.md)
  - [7.1.3 Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/7-1-3-energy-in-simple-harmonic-motion.md)
  - [7.1.4 Resonance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/7-1-4-resonance.md)
  - [7.1.5 End of Topic Test - Simple Harmonic Motion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/7-1-5-end-of-topic-test-simple-harmonic-motion.md)
  - [7.1.6 A-A* (AO3/4) - Simple Harmonic Motion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/7-1-6-a-a-ao34-simple-harmonic-motion.md)
  - [7.1.7 End of Topic Test - Gravitational Fields](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/7-1-7-end-of-topic-test-gravitational-fields.md)
- 7.2 Waves
  - [7.2.1 Progressive Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/7-2-1-progressive-waves.md)
  - [7.2.2 Intensity of Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/7-2-2-intensity-of-waves.md)
  - [7.2.3 Wave Speed & Phase Difference](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/7-2-3-wave-speed-and-phase-difference.md)
  - [7.2.4 Longitudinal & Transverse Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/7-2-4-longitudinal-and-transverse-waves.md)
  - [7.2.5 End of Topic Test - Progressive Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/7-2-5-end-of-topic-test-progressive-waves.md)
  - [7.2.6 Electromagnetic Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/7-2-6-electromagnetic-waves.md)
  - [7.2.7 Doppler Effect](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/7-2-7-doppler-effect.md)
  - [7.2.8 Sound Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/7-2-8-sound-waves.md)
  - [7.2.9 Measuring Sound Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/7-2-9-measuring-sound-waves.md)
  - [7.2.10 End of Topic Test - Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/7-2-10-end-of-topic-test-waves.md)
  - [7.2.11 Ultrasound Imaging](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/7-2-11-ultrasound-imaging.md)
  - [7.2.12 Ultrasound Imaging 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/7-2-12-ultrasound-imaging-2.md)

### 8 Superposition
- 8.1 Superposition
  - [8.1.1 Stationary Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/8-1-1-stationary-waves.md)
  - [8.1.2 Stationary Waves 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/8-1-2-stationary-waves-2.md)
  - [8.1.3 End of Topic Test - Stationary Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/8-1-3-end-of-topic-test-stationary-waves.md)
  - [8.1.4 A-A* (AO3/4) - Stationary Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/8-1-4-a-a-ao34-stationary-waves.md)
  - [8.1.5 Interference](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/8-1-5-interference.md)
  - [8.1.6 Interference 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/8-1-6-interference-2.md)
  - [8.1.7 End of Topic Test - Interference](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/8-1-7-end-of-topic-test-interference.md)
  - [8.1.8 Diffraction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/8-1-8-diffraction.md)
  - [8.1.9 Diffraction Gratings](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/8-1-9-diffraction-gratings.md)
  - [8.1.10 End of Topic Test - Diffraction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/8-1-10-end-of-topic-test-diffraction.md)

### 9 Thermal Physics
- 9.1 Circular Motion
  - [9.1.1 Circular Motion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/9-1-1-circular-motion.md)
  - [9.1.2 Circular Motion 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/9-1-2-circular-motion-2.md)
  - [9.1.3 End of Topic Test - Circular Motion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/9-1-3-end-of-topic-test-circular-motion.md)
- 9.2 Thermal Physics
  - [9.2.1 Temperature](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/9-2-1-temperature.md)
  - [9.2.2 Measuring Temperature](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/9-2-2-measuring-temperature.md)
  - [9.2.3 Ideal Gas Law](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/9-2-3-ideal-gas-law.md)
  - [9.2.4 Ideal Gases](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/9-2-4-ideal-gases.md)
  - [9.2.5 Boyle's Law & Charles' Law](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/9-2-5-boyles-law-and-charles-law.md)
  - [9.2.6 Molecular Kinetic Theory Model](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/9-2-6-molecular-kinetic-theory-model.md)
  - [9.2.7 Molecular Kinetic Theory Model 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/9-2-7-molecular-kinetic-theory-model-2.md)
  - [9.2.8 Thermal Energy Transfer](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/9-2-8-thermal-energy-transfer.md)
  - [9.2.9 Thermal Energy Transfer Experiments](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/9-2-9-thermal-energy-transfer-experiments.md)
  - [9.2.10 End of Topic Test - Thermal Energy & Ideal Gases](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/9-2-10-end-of-topic-test-thermal-energy-and-ideal-gases.md)
  - [9.2.11 First Law of Thermodynamics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/9-2-11-first-law-of-thermodynamics.md)

### 10 Communication
- 10.1 Communication Channels
  - [10.1.1 Communication Channels](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/10-1-1-communication-channels.md)
  - [10.1.2 Modulation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/10-1-2-modulation.md)
  - [10.1.3 Attenuation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/10-1-3-attenuation.md)
- 10.2 Digital Communication
  - [10.2.1 Digital & Analogue Signals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/10-2-1-digital-and-analogue-signals.md)
  - [10.2.2 Representing Sound](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/10-2-2-representing-sound.md)

### 11 Electric Fields
- 11.1 Electric Fields
  - [11.1.1 Coulomb's Law](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/11-1-1-coulombs-law.md)
  - [11.1.2 Electric Field Strength](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/11-1-2-electric-field-strength.md)
  - [11.1.3 Electric Field Strength 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/11-1-3-electric-field-strength-2.md)
  - [11.1.4 Electric Potential](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/11-1-4-electric-potential.md)
  - [11.1.5 End of Topic Test - Electric Fields](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/11-1-5-end-of-topic-test-electric-fields.md)
  - [11.1.6 A-A* (AO3/4) - Electric and Gravitational Field](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/11-1-6-a-a-ao34-electric-and-gravitational-field.md)
- 11.2 Capacitance
  - [11.2.1 Capacitance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/11-2-1-capacitance.md)
  - [11.2.2 Parallel Plate Capacitor](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/11-2-2-parallel-plate-capacitor.md)
  - [11.2.3 Energy Stored by a Capacitor](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/11-2-3-energy-stored-by-a-capacitor.md)
  - [11.2.4 Capacitor Discharge](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/11-2-4-capacitor-discharge.md)
  - [11.2.5 Capacitor Charge](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/11-2-5-capacitor-charge.md)

### 12 Current Electricity
- 12.1 Current Electricity
  - [12.1.1 Basics of Electricity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/12-1-1-basics-of-electricity.md)
  - [12.1.2 Mean Drift Velocity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/12-1-2-mean-drift-velocity.md)
  - [12.1.3 Current-Voltage Characteristics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/12-1-3-current-voltage-characteristics.md)
  - [12.1.4 End of Topic Test - Basics of Electricity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/12-1-4-end-of-topic-test-basics-of-electricity.md)
  - [12.1.5 Resistivity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/12-1-5-resistivity.md)
  - [12.1.6 End of Topic Test - Resistivity & Superconductors](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/12-1-6-end-of-topic-test-resistivity-and-superconductors.md)
  - [12.1.7 Power and Conservation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/12-1-7-power-and-conservation.md)
  - [12.1.8 Microphones](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/12-1-8-microphones.md)
  - [12.1.9 Components](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/12-1-9-components.md)
  - [12.1.10 Relays](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/12-1-10-relays.md)
  - [12.1.11 Strain Gauges](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/12-1-11-strain-gauges.md)
- 12.2 DC Circuits
  - [12.2.1 Circuits](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/12-2-1-circuits.md)
  - [12.2.2 Potential Divider](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/12-2-2-potential-divider.md)
  - [12.2.3 Emf & Internal Resistance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/12-2-3-emf-and-internal-resistance.md)
  - [12.2.4 End of Topic Test - Power & Potential](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/12-2-4-end-of-topic-test-power-and-potential.md)

### 13 Magnetic Fields
- 13.1 Magnetic Fields
  - [13.1.1 Magnetic Flux Density](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/13-1-1-magnetic-flux-density.md)
  - [13.1.2 End of Topic Test - Capacitance & Flux Density](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/13-1-2-end-of-topic-test-capacitance-and-flux-density.md)
  - [13.1.3 Moving Charges in a Magnetic Field](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/13-1-3-moving-charges-in-a-magnetic-field.md)
  - [13.1.4 Magnetic Flux & Flux Linkage](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/13-1-4-magnetic-flux-and-flux-linkage.md)
  - [13.1.5 Electromagnetic Induction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/13-1-5-electromagnetic-induction.md)
  - [13.1.6 Electromagnetic Induction 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/13-1-6-electromagnetic-induction-2.md)
  - [13.1.7 Magnetic Flux Density](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/13-1-7-magnetic-flux-density.md)
  - [13.1.8 Magnetic Resonance Scanning](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/13-1-8-magnetic-resonance-scanning.md)
- 13.2 Alternating Currents
  - [13.2.1 Alternating Currents](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/13-2-1-alternating-currents.md)
  - [13.2.2 Operation of a Transformer](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/13-2-2-operation-of-a-transformer.md)
  - [13.2.3 End of Topic Test - Electromagnetic Induction & AC](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/13-2-3-end-of-topic-test-electromagnetic-induction-and-ac.md)
  - [13.2.4 Rectification](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/13-2-4-rectification.md)

### 14 Modern Physics
- 14.1 Quantum Physics
  - [14.1.1 The Photoelectric Effect](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/14-1-1-the-photoelectric-effect.md)
  - [14.1.2 The Photoelectric Effect Explanation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/14-1-2-the-photoelectric-effect-explanation.md)
  - [14.1.3 End of Topic Test - The Photoelectric Effect](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/14-1-3-end-of-topic-test-the-photoelectric-effect.md)
  - [14.1.4 Collisions of Electrons with Atoms](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/14-1-4-collisions-of-electrons-with-atoms.md)
  - [14.1.5 Energy Levels & Photon Emission](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/14-1-5-energy-levels-and-photon-emission.md)
  - [14.1.6 Wave-Particle Duality](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/14-1-6-wave-particle-duality.md)
  - [14.1.7 End of Topic Test - Absorption & Emission](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/14-1-7-end-of-topic-test-absorption-and-emission.md)
  - [14.1.8 Band Theory](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/14-1-8-band-theory.md)
  - [14.1.9 Diagnostic X-Rays](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/14-1-9-diagnostic-x-rays.md)
  - [14.1.10 X-Ray Image Processing](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/14-1-10-x-ray-image-processing.md)
  - [14.1.11 Absorption of X-Rays](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/14-1-11-absorption-of-x-rays.md)
  - [14.1.12 CT Scanners](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/14-1-12-ct-scanners.md)
- 14.2 Nuclear Physics
  - [14.2.1 Rutherford Scattering](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/14-2-1-rutherford-scattering.md)
  - [14.2.2 Atomic Model](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/14-2-2-atomic-model.md)
  - [14.2.3 Isotopes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/14-2-3-isotopes.md)
  - [14.2.4 Stable & Unstable Nuclei](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/14-2-4-stable-and-unstable-nuclei.md)
  - [14.2.5 A-A* (AO3/4) - Stable & Unstable Nuclei](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/14-2-5-a-a-ao34-stable-and-unstable-nuclei.md)
  - [14.2.6 Alpha & Beta Radiation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/14-2-6-alpha-and-beta-radiation.md)
  - [14.2.7 Gamma Radiation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/14-2-7-gamma-radiation.md)
  - [14.2.8 Particles, Antiparticles & Photons](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/14-2-8-particles-antiparticles-and-photons.md)
  - [14.2.9 Quarks & Antiquarks](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/14-2-9-quarks-and-antiquarks.md)
  - [14.2.10 Particle Interactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/14-2-10-particle-interactions.md)
  - [14.2.11 Radioactive Decay](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/14-2-11-radioactive-decay.md)
  - [14.2.12 Half Life](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/14-2-12-half-life.md)
  - [14.2.13 End of Topic Test - Radioactivity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/14-2-13-end-of-topic-test-radioactivity.md)
  - [14.2.14 Nuclear Instability](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/14-2-14-nuclear-instability.md)
  - [14.2.15 Mass & Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/14-2-15-mass-and-energy.md)
  - [14.2.16 Binding Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/14-2-16-binding-energy.md)
  - [14.2.17 A-A* (AO3/4) - Nuclear Fusion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/14-2-17-a-a-ao34-nuclear-fusion.md)