Source: https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/7-1-3-energy-in-simple-harmonic-motion

[Revision notes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes.md) › [International A Level](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level.md) › [Physics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics.md) › [Cambridge International](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international.md) › Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion

# Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion

Physics: Cambridge International A Level, topic 7.1.3

## Conservation of Energy

Energy cannot be created or destroyed so the total energy of the system must be conserved. The amounts of kinetic and potential energy are able to change.

### Kinetic and potential energy

![Kinetic and potential energy](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-03/ab10a00a-d0a3-431d-ba08-8c36d085cdfb/shutterstock_171542741.jpg)

- Kinetic energy comes from movement: 
 - $$KE=1/2mv^2$$
- Gravitational potential energy comes from a gain in height: 
 - $$GPE=mgh$$
- Elastic potential energy comes from squashing or stretching a spring:
 - $$EPE=1/2kx^2$$

### Total energy

![Total energy](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-03/568d0bae-44b3-4fa6-a20c-27b04174d79d/shutterstock_634978445.jpg)

- At any point in the cycle, the total energy must be the sum of all the other energies and it must remain constant. 
 - $$E=KE+GPE+EPE=constant$$
- In the centre of the oscillation, EPE is at a minimum and KE is at a maximum. 
- At the top of the oscillation, KE is 0 and GPE and EPE are at a maximum.

## Damped Oscillations

In the real world friction acts on an oscillation object, this produces heat so reduces the amount of energy the object has. This will decrease the amplitude of the oscillations.

### Damping

![Damping](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-09/ec715c96-9212-4e2b-89fa-405f53cf7cdc/damping.png)

- When an oscillation is damped the amplitude of the wave decreases but the period and the frequency remain the same. 
- A damping force is any force which opposes the movement of the object.

### Types of damping

![Types of damping](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-09/74041068-f111-4106-a102-edb64caab397/damping.png)

- If the damping on a system is small then the system is hardly affected, it will take a long time until you can see the amplitude reduce or the oscillations stop. This is under-damping.
- If the system has too much damping no oscillations will happen at all, the object will just slowly return to equilibrium. This is over-damping 
- If the object returns to equilibrium as quickly as possible it has critical-damping.

### Critical damping

![Critical damping](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-09/0a9efe91-94a6-4696-bc55-7989d9eaf6f4/critical-damping.png)

- Critical damping is very desirable as it reduces oscillations quickly and can avoid damage. 
- In car suspension, critical damping is needed for a comfortable and safe ride.

## Test yourself on Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion

- Which statements about energy in SHM are true?
- When is the elastic potential energy at a maximum?
- In a simple harmonic system, which of these remain constant?
- What type of damping will make an object return to the equilibrium position as quickly as possible?

[Practise this topic for free](https://app.senecalearning.com/classroom/course/1b5bc325-d783-4d2c-99cd-5a7d913debfc/section/1ef1f8a1-09d9-4a28-8d90-4090d1749465/session)

- Previous topic: [7.1.2 Simple Harmonic Systems](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/7-1-2-simple-harmonic-systems.md)
- Next topic: [7.1.4 Resonance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/7-1-4-resonance.md)

## Physics: Cambridge International A Level contents

### 1 Physical Quantities & Units
- 1.1 Physical Quantities & Units
  - [1.1.1 Use of SI Units](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/1-1-1-use-of-si-units.md)
  - [1.1.2 SI Prefixes, Standard Form & Converting Units](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/1-1-2-si-prefixes-standard-form-and-converting-units.md)
  - [1.1.3 End of Topic Test - Units & Prefixes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/1-1-3-end-of-topic-test-units-and-prefixes.md)
  - [1.1.4 Avogadro's Constant](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/1-1-4-avogadros-constant.md)
  - [1.1.5 Scalars & Vectors](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/1-1-5-scalars-and-vectors.md)
- 1.2 Errors & Uncertainty
  - [1.2.1 Measuring Length, Time & Volume](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/1-2-1-measuring-length-time-and-volume.md)
  - [1.2.2 Measuring Temperature](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/1-2-2-measuring-temperature.md)
  - [1.2.3 Circuit Measurements](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/1-2-3-circuit-measurements.md)
  - [1.2.4 Limitation of Physical Measurements](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/1-2-4-limitation-of-physical-measurements.md)
  - [1.2.5 Uncertainty](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/1-2-5-uncertainty.md)
  - [1.2.6 Estimation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/1-2-6-estimation.md)
  - [1.2.7 Displaying Data](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/1-2-7-displaying-data.md)
  - [1.2.8 End of Topic Test - Measurements & Errors](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/1-2-8-end-of-topic-test-measurements-and-errors.md)

### 2 Kinematics
- 2.1 Equations of Motion
  - [2.1.1 Motion in a Straight Line](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/2-1-1-motion-in-a-straight-line.md)
  - [2.1.2 Graphs of Motion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/2-1-2-graphs-of-motion.md)
  - [2.1.3 Bouncing Ball Example](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/2-1-3-bouncing-ball-example.md)
  - [2.1.4 End of Topic Test - Motion in a Straight Line](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/2-1-4-end-of-topic-test-motion-in-a-straight-line.md)
  - [2.1.5 Acceleration Due to Gravity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/2-1-5-acceleration-due-to-gravity.md)

### 3 Dynamics
- 3.1 Momentum & Newton's Laws of Motion
  - [3.1.1 Mass & Inertia](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/3-1-1-mass-and-inertia.md)
  - [3.1.2 Newton's Laws](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/3-1-2-newtons-laws.md)
  - [3.1.3 Momentum](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/3-1-3-momentum.md)
  - [3.1.4 End of Topic Test - Newton's Laws & Momentum](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/3-1-4-end-of-topic-test-newtons-laws-and-momentum.md)
  - [3.1.5 A-A* (AO3/4) - Newton's Third Law](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/3-1-5-a-a-ao34-newtons-third-law.md)
- 3.2 Non-Uniform Motion
  - [3.2.1 Projectile Motion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/3-2-1-projectile-motion.md)
- 3.3 Linear Momentum & Conservation
  - [3.3.1 Conservation of Momentum](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/3-3-1-conservation-of-momentum.md)

### 4 Force, Density & Pressure
- 4.1 Force, Density & Pressure
  - [4.1.1 Fields](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/4-1-1-fields.md)
  - [4.1.2 Force in Uniform Fields](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/4-1-2-force-in-uniform-fields.md)
  - [4.1.3 Friction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/4-1-3-friction.md)
  - [4.1.4 Buoyancy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/4-1-4-buoyancy.md)
  - [4.1.5 Terminal Speed](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/4-1-5-terminal-speed.md)
  - [4.1.6 End of Topic Test - Acceleration Due to Gravity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/4-1-6-end-of-topic-test-acceleration-due-to-gravity.md)
  - [4.1.7 Centre of Mass](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/4-1-7-centre-of-mass.md)
  - [4.1.8 Forces & Equilibrium](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/4-1-8-forces-and-equilibrium.md)
  - [4.1.9 End of Topic Test - Scalars & Vectors](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/4-1-9-end-of-topic-test-scalars-and-vectors.md)
  - [4.1.10 Moments](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/4-1-10-moments.md)
  - [4.1.11 End of Topic Test - Moments & Centre of Mass](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/4-1-11-end-of-topic-test-moments-and-centre-of-mass.md)
  - [4.1.12 Density](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/4-1-12-density.md)
  - [4.1.13 Pressure](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/4-1-13-pressure.md)

### 5 Work, Energy & Power
- 5.1 Work, Energy & Power
  - [5.1.1 Work & Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/5-1-1-work-and-energy.md)
  - [5.1.2 Power & Efficiency](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/5-1-2-power-and-efficiency.md)
  - [5.1.3 Conservation of Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/5-1-3-conservation-of-energy.md)
  - [5.1.4 End of Topic Test - Work, Energy & Power](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/5-1-4-end-of-topic-test-work-energy-and-power.md)
- 5.2 Gravitational Fields
  - [5.2.1 Newton's Law](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/5-2-1-newtons-law.md)
  - [5.2.2 Gravitational Field Strength](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/5-2-2-gravitational-field-strength.md)
  - [5.2.3 Gravitational Potential](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/5-2-3-gravitational-potential.md)

### 6 Deformation of Solids
- 6.1 Materials
  - [6.1.1 Bulk Properties of Solids](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/6-1-1-bulk-properties-of-solids.md)
  - [6.1.2 Energy in Materials](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/6-1-2-energy-in-materials.md)
  - [6.1.3 Young Modulus](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/6-1-3-young-modulus.md)
  - [6.1.4 End of Topic Test - Materials](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/6-1-4-end-of-topic-test-materials.md)

### 7 Waves
- 7.1 Simple Harmonic Motion
  - [7.1.1 Simple Harmonic Motion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/7-1-1-simple-harmonic-motion.md)
  - [7.1.2 Simple Harmonic Systems](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/7-1-2-simple-harmonic-systems.md)
  - [7.1.3 Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/7-1-3-energy-in-simple-harmonic-motion.md)
  - [7.1.4 Resonance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/7-1-4-resonance.md)
  - [7.1.5 End of Topic Test - Simple Harmonic Motion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/7-1-5-end-of-topic-test-simple-harmonic-motion.md)
  - [7.1.6 A-A* (AO3/4) - Simple Harmonic Motion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/7-1-6-a-a-ao34-simple-harmonic-motion.md)
  - [7.1.7 End of Topic Test - Gravitational Fields](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/7-1-7-end-of-topic-test-gravitational-fields.md)
- 7.2 Waves
  - [7.2.1 Progressive Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/7-2-1-progressive-waves.md)
  - [7.2.2 Intensity of Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/7-2-2-intensity-of-waves.md)
  - [7.2.3 Wave Speed & Phase Difference](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/7-2-3-wave-speed-and-phase-difference.md)
  - [7.2.4 Longitudinal & Transverse Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/7-2-4-longitudinal-and-transverse-waves.md)
  - [7.2.5 End of Topic Test - Progressive Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/7-2-5-end-of-topic-test-progressive-waves.md)
  - [7.2.6 Electromagnetic Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/7-2-6-electromagnetic-waves.md)
  - [7.2.7 Doppler Effect](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/7-2-7-doppler-effect.md)
  - [7.2.8 Sound Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/7-2-8-sound-waves.md)
  - [7.2.9 Measuring Sound Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/7-2-9-measuring-sound-waves.md)
  - [7.2.10 End of Topic Test - Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/7-2-10-end-of-topic-test-waves.md)
  - [7.2.11 Ultrasound Imaging](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/7-2-11-ultrasound-imaging.md)
  - [7.2.12 Ultrasound Imaging 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/7-2-12-ultrasound-imaging-2.md)

### 8 Superposition
- 8.1 Superposition
  - [8.1.1 Stationary Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/8-1-1-stationary-waves.md)
  - [8.1.2 Stationary Waves 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/8-1-2-stationary-waves-2.md)
  - [8.1.3 End of Topic Test - Stationary Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/8-1-3-end-of-topic-test-stationary-waves.md)
  - [8.1.4 A-A* (AO3/4) - Stationary Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/8-1-4-a-a-ao34-stationary-waves.md)
  - [8.1.5 Interference](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/8-1-5-interference.md)
  - [8.1.6 Interference 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/8-1-6-interference-2.md)
  - [8.1.7 End of Topic Test - Interference](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/8-1-7-end-of-topic-test-interference.md)
  - [8.1.8 Diffraction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/8-1-8-diffraction.md)
  - [8.1.9 Diffraction Gratings](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/8-1-9-diffraction-gratings.md)
  - [8.1.10 End of Topic Test - Diffraction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/8-1-10-end-of-topic-test-diffraction.md)

### 9 Thermal Physics
- 9.1 Circular Motion
  - [9.1.1 Circular Motion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/9-1-1-circular-motion.md)
  - [9.1.2 Circular Motion 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/9-1-2-circular-motion-2.md)
  - [9.1.3 End of Topic Test - Circular Motion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/9-1-3-end-of-topic-test-circular-motion.md)
- 9.2 Thermal Physics
  - [9.2.1 Temperature](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/9-2-1-temperature.md)
  - [9.2.2 Measuring Temperature](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/9-2-2-measuring-temperature.md)
  - [9.2.3 Ideal Gas Law](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/9-2-3-ideal-gas-law.md)
  - [9.2.4 Ideal Gases](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/9-2-4-ideal-gases.md)
  - [9.2.5 Boyle's Law & Charles' Law](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/9-2-5-boyles-law-and-charles-law.md)
  - [9.2.6 Molecular Kinetic Theory Model](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/9-2-6-molecular-kinetic-theory-model.md)
  - [9.2.7 Molecular Kinetic Theory Model 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/9-2-7-molecular-kinetic-theory-model-2.md)
  - [9.2.8 Thermal Energy Transfer](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/9-2-8-thermal-energy-transfer.md)
  - [9.2.9 Thermal Energy Transfer Experiments](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/9-2-9-thermal-energy-transfer-experiments.md)
  - [9.2.10 End of Topic Test - Thermal Energy & Ideal Gases](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/9-2-10-end-of-topic-test-thermal-energy-and-ideal-gases.md)
  - [9.2.11 First Law of Thermodynamics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/9-2-11-first-law-of-thermodynamics.md)

### 10 Communication
- 10.1 Communication Channels
  - [10.1.1 Communication Channels](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/10-1-1-communication-channels.md)
  - [10.1.2 Modulation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/10-1-2-modulation.md)
  - [10.1.3 Attenuation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/10-1-3-attenuation.md)
- 10.2 Digital Communication
  - [10.2.1 Digital & Analogue Signals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/10-2-1-digital-and-analogue-signals.md)
  - [10.2.2 Representing Sound](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/10-2-2-representing-sound.md)

### 11 Electric Fields
- 11.1 Electric Fields
  - [11.1.1 Coulomb's Law](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/11-1-1-coulombs-law.md)
  - [11.1.2 Electric Field Strength](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/11-1-2-electric-field-strength.md)
  - [11.1.3 Electric Field Strength 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/11-1-3-electric-field-strength-2.md)
  - [11.1.4 Electric Potential](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/11-1-4-electric-potential.md)
  - [11.1.5 End of Topic Test - Electric Fields](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/11-1-5-end-of-topic-test-electric-fields.md)
  - [11.1.6 A-A* (AO3/4) - Electric and Gravitational Field](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/11-1-6-a-a-ao34-electric-and-gravitational-field.md)
- 11.2 Capacitance
  - [11.2.1 Capacitance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/11-2-1-capacitance.md)
  - [11.2.2 Parallel Plate Capacitor](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/11-2-2-parallel-plate-capacitor.md)
  - [11.2.3 Energy Stored by a Capacitor](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/11-2-3-energy-stored-by-a-capacitor.md)
  - [11.2.4 Capacitor Discharge](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/11-2-4-capacitor-discharge.md)
  - [11.2.5 Capacitor Charge](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/11-2-5-capacitor-charge.md)

### 12 Current Electricity
- 12.1 Current Electricity
  - [12.1.1 Basics of Electricity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/12-1-1-basics-of-electricity.md)
  - [12.1.2 Mean Drift Velocity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/12-1-2-mean-drift-velocity.md)
  - [12.1.3 Current-Voltage Characteristics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/12-1-3-current-voltage-characteristics.md)
  - [12.1.4 End of Topic Test - Basics of Electricity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/12-1-4-end-of-topic-test-basics-of-electricity.md)
  - [12.1.5 Resistivity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/12-1-5-resistivity.md)
  - [12.1.6 End of Topic Test - Resistivity & Superconductors](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/12-1-6-end-of-topic-test-resistivity-and-superconductors.md)
  - [12.1.7 Power and Conservation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/12-1-7-power-and-conservation.md)
  - [12.1.8 Microphones](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/12-1-8-microphones.md)
  - [12.1.9 Components](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/12-1-9-components.md)
  - [12.1.10 Relays](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/12-1-10-relays.md)
  - [12.1.11 Strain Gauges](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/12-1-11-strain-gauges.md)
- 12.2 DC Circuits
  - [12.2.1 Circuits](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/12-2-1-circuits.md)
  - [12.2.2 Potential Divider](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/12-2-2-potential-divider.md)
  - [12.2.3 Emf & Internal Resistance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/12-2-3-emf-and-internal-resistance.md)
  - [12.2.4 End of Topic Test - Power & Potential](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/12-2-4-end-of-topic-test-power-and-potential.md)

### 13 Magnetic Fields
- 13.1 Magnetic Fields
  - [13.1.1 Magnetic Flux Density](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/13-1-1-magnetic-flux-density.md)
  - [13.1.2 End of Topic Test - Capacitance & Flux Density](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/13-1-2-end-of-topic-test-capacitance-and-flux-density.md)
  - [13.1.3 Moving Charges in a Magnetic Field](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/13-1-3-moving-charges-in-a-magnetic-field.md)
  - [13.1.4 Magnetic Flux & Flux Linkage](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/13-1-4-magnetic-flux-and-flux-linkage.md)
  - [13.1.5 Electromagnetic Induction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/13-1-5-electromagnetic-induction.md)
  - [13.1.6 Electromagnetic Induction 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/13-1-6-electromagnetic-induction-2.md)
  - [13.1.7 Magnetic Flux Density](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/13-1-7-magnetic-flux-density.md)
  - [13.1.8 Magnetic Resonance Scanning](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/13-1-8-magnetic-resonance-scanning.md)
- 13.2 Alternating Currents
  - [13.2.1 Alternating Currents](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/13-2-1-alternating-currents.md)
  - [13.2.2 Operation of a Transformer](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/13-2-2-operation-of-a-transformer.md)
  - [13.2.3 End of Topic Test - Electromagnetic Induction & AC](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/13-2-3-end-of-topic-test-electromagnetic-induction-and-ac.md)
  - [13.2.4 Rectification](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/13-2-4-rectification.md)

### 14 Modern Physics
- 14.1 Quantum Physics
  - [14.1.1 The Photoelectric Effect](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/14-1-1-the-photoelectric-effect.md)
  - [14.1.2 The Photoelectric Effect Explanation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/14-1-2-the-photoelectric-effect-explanation.md)
  - [14.1.3 End of Topic Test - The Photoelectric Effect](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/14-1-3-end-of-topic-test-the-photoelectric-effect.md)
  - [14.1.4 Collisions of Electrons with Atoms](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/14-1-4-collisions-of-electrons-with-atoms.md)
  - [14.1.5 Energy Levels & Photon Emission](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/14-1-5-energy-levels-and-photon-emission.md)
  - [14.1.6 Wave-Particle Duality](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/14-1-6-wave-particle-duality.md)
  - [14.1.7 End of Topic Test - Absorption & Emission](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/14-1-7-end-of-topic-test-absorption-and-emission.md)
  - [14.1.8 Band Theory](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/14-1-8-band-theory.md)
  - [14.1.9 Diagnostic X-Rays](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/14-1-9-diagnostic-x-rays.md)
  - [14.1.10 X-Ray Image Processing](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/14-1-10-x-ray-image-processing.md)
  - [14.1.11 Absorption of X-Rays](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/14-1-11-absorption-of-x-rays.md)
  - [14.1.12 CT Scanners](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/14-1-12-ct-scanners.md)
- 14.2 Nuclear Physics
  - [14.2.1 Rutherford Scattering](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/14-2-1-rutherford-scattering.md)
  - [14.2.2 Atomic Model](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/14-2-2-atomic-model.md)
  - [14.2.3 Isotopes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/14-2-3-isotopes.md)
  - [14.2.4 Stable & Unstable Nuclei](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/14-2-4-stable-and-unstable-nuclei.md)
  - [14.2.5 A-A* (AO3/4) - Stable & Unstable Nuclei](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/14-2-5-a-a-ao34-stable-and-unstable-nuclei.md)
  - [14.2.6 Alpha & Beta Radiation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/14-2-6-alpha-and-beta-radiation.md)
  - [14.2.7 Gamma Radiation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/14-2-7-gamma-radiation.md)
  - [14.2.8 Particles, Antiparticles & Photons](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/14-2-8-particles-antiparticles-and-photons.md)
  - [14.2.9 Quarks & Antiquarks](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/14-2-9-quarks-and-antiquarks.md)
  - [14.2.10 Particle Interactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/14-2-10-particle-interactions.md)
  - [14.2.11 Radioactive Decay](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/14-2-11-radioactive-decay.md)
  - [14.2.12 Half Life](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/14-2-12-half-life.md)
  - [14.2.13 End of Topic Test - Radioactivity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/14-2-13-end-of-topic-test-radioactivity.md)
  - [14.2.14 Nuclear Instability](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/14-2-14-nuclear-instability.md)
  - [14.2.15 Mass & Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/14-2-15-mass-and-energy.md)
  - [14.2.16 Binding Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/14-2-16-binding-energy.md)
  - [14.2.17 A-A* (AO3/4) - Nuclear Fusion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/14-2-17-a-a-ao34-nuclear-fusion.md)