Source: https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/13-1-4-magnetic-flux-and-flux-linkage

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# Magnetic Flux & Flux Linkage

Physics: Cambridge International A Level, topic 13.1.4

## Magnetic Flux Definitions

Three terms that are closely related but different are magnetic flux, magnetic flux density and magnetic flux linkage.

### Definitions

![Definitions](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/physics/4.6.4.2%20-%20Magnetic%20field%20around%20a%20solenoid-min.jpg)

- Magnetic flux is a measure of the number of field lines passing through a region of space.
- Magnetic flux density is a measure of the number of field lines passing through a region of space per unit cross-sectional area.
- Magnetic flux linkage is the product of the magnetic flux and the number of turns on a coil through which the field passes.

### Different flux density

![Different flux density](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-10/f7154eae-a46e-41aa-965f-5e15e310c911/different-flux-linkage-loops.png)

- The two loops in the diagram have the same flux but different flux densities since area Y is larger than area X.

### Different flux

![Different flux](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-10/f7154eae-a46e-41aa-965f-5e15e310c911/different-flux-linkage-loops.png)

- The two loops in the diagram have the same flux density but different flux since area Y is larger than area X.

### Different flux linkage

![Different flux linkage](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-10/758d80a1-d2c6-4bfb-83a9-652a82663984/different-flux-linkage-loops%20(1).png)

- The two loops in the diagram have the same flux and flux density, but as loop Y has twice the number of turns as loop X, the flux linkage in Y is twice that of loop X.

## Magnetic Flux and Flux Linkage

The formulae for magnetic flux and magnetic flux linkage are:

### Magnetic flux, Φ

![Magnetic flux, Φ](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/physics/4.4.2%20Transformers/magnetic-field-min-min.jpg)

- The magnetic flux is the amount of magnetic field passing through a surface.
- The equation for magnetic flux is:
 - $$\Phi = BA \cos \theta = B_\perp A$$
    - Where $$\phi$$ is the flux, B is the field strength, A is the area and theta is the angle between the normal of the surface and the field.

### Magnetic flux linkage, nΦ

![Magnetic flux linkage, nΦ](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/physics/1.4.1%20-%20Effects%20of%20forces/sping-min.jpg)

- The magnetic flux linkage is the amount of field passing through a coil of wire. It is the flux 'linked' to a wire. 
- The equation for the flux linkage is:
 - $$N \Phi = BAN \cos \theta$$
    - Where N is the number of coils in the wire.

## Magnetic Flux Linkage Experiment

This experiment investigates how magnetic flux linkage varies with the angle between a search coil and the magnetic field direction. This is done using a search coil and an oscilloscope.

### Apparatus

![Apparatus](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-10/6e844aee-3f0c-4982-93fd-27afd8375bd0/search-coil-experiment.png)

- Set up the apparatus as shown in the diagram.
- The search coil will experience a flux linkage as determined by the formula: 
 - $$N \Phi = BAN \cos \theta$$.

### Underlying theory

![Underlying theory](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/physics/4.6.4.2%20-%20Magnetic%20field%20around%20a%20solenoid-min.jpg)

- The magnetic field inside the coil will be uniform and running parallel to the length of the spring (across the page horizontally in the diagram).
- As the current is a.c., there will be a varying magnetic flux density through the search coil, and hence a varying flux linkage.

### Underlying theory 2

![Underlying theory 2](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/physics/3.4.3%20-%20Oscilloscope%20traces%20for%20sound%20volume%20and%20pitch-min.png)

- This will induce an EMF in the search coil which is detected by the oscilloscope.
- The time base (time axis) of the oscilloscope is turned off, so that the a.c. induced gives a vertical line on the screen. The amplitude of this line (from the peak to the middle) gives the magnitude of the induced EMF.

### Method

![Method](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-10/6e844aee-3f0c-4982-93fd-27afd8375bd0/search-coil-experiment.png)

- The search coil can now be rotated so that the angle between the plane of the coil and the magnetic field lines changes.
- By recording the amplitude of the induced EMF every 10 degrees, a graph of EMF induced against angle can be plotted, showing the relationship between the flux linkage and the angle between the normal to the plane of the coil and the magnetic field lines.

## Test yourself on Magnetic Flux & Flux Linkage

- Which of these factors will increase the magnetic flux linkage?
- Two systems have the same flux and flux density. System X has a flux linkage of 2 Wb-t. System Y has half the coils of system X, what is its flux linkage?
- What is the formula for magnetic flux?
- What is the correct equation for the magnetic flux linkage?
- At what angle will the induced EMF be at a maximum?

[Practise this topic for free](https://app.senecalearning.com/classroom/course/1b5bc325-d783-4d2c-99cd-5a7d913debfc/section/e17dfc44-d9fb-4c9e-ab02-939b04f6a235/session)

- Previous topic: [13.1.3 Moving Charges in a Magnetic Field](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/13-1-3-moving-charges-in-a-magnetic-field.md)
- Next topic: [13.1.5 Electromagnetic Induction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/13-1-5-electromagnetic-induction.md)

## Physics: Cambridge International A Level contents

### 1 Physical Quantities & Units
- 1.1 Physical Quantities & Units
  - [1.1.1 Use of SI Units](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/1-1-1-use-of-si-units.md)
  - [1.1.2 SI Prefixes, Standard Form & Converting Units](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/1-1-2-si-prefixes-standard-form-and-converting-units.md)
  - [1.1.3 End of Topic Test - Units & Prefixes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/1-1-3-end-of-topic-test-units-and-prefixes.md)
  - [1.1.4 Avogadro's Constant](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/1-1-4-avogadros-constant.md)
  - [1.1.5 Scalars & Vectors](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/1-1-5-scalars-and-vectors.md)
- 1.2 Errors & Uncertainty
  - [1.2.1 Measuring Length, Time & Volume](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/1-2-1-measuring-length-time-and-volume.md)
  - [1.2.2 Measuring Temperature](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/1-2-2-measuring-temperature.md)
  - [1.2.3 Circuit Measurements](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/1-2-3-circuit-measurements.md)
  - [1.2.4 Limitation of Physical Measurements](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/1-2-4-limitation-of-physical-measurements.md)
  - [1.2.5 Uncertainty](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/1-2-5-uncertainty.md)
  - [1.2.6 Estimation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/1-2-6-estimation.md)
  - [1.2.7 Displaying Data](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/1-2-7-displaying-data.md)
  - [1.2.8 End of Topic Test - Measurements & Errors](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/1-2-8-end-of-topic-test-measurements-and-errors.md)

### 2 Kinematics
- 2.1 Equations of Motion
  - [2.1.1 Motion in a Straight Line](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/2-1-1-motion-in-a-straight-line.md)
  - [2.1.2 Graphs of Motion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/2-1-2-graphs-of-motion.md)
  - [2.1.3 Bouncing Ball Example](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/2-1-3-bouncing-ball-example.md)
  - [2.1.4 End of Topic Test - Motion in a Straight Line](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/2-1-4-end-of-topic-test-motion-in-a-straight-line.md)
  - [2.1.5 Acceleration Due to Gravity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/2-1-5-acceleration-due-to-gravity.md)

### 3 Dynamics
- 3.1 Momentum & Newton's Laws of Motion
  - [3.1.1 Mass & Inertia](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/3-1-1-mass-and-inertia.md)
  - [3.1.2 Newton's Laws](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/3-1-2-newtons-laws.md)
  - [3.1.3 Momentum](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/3-1-3-momentum.md)
  - [3.1.4 End of Topic Test - Newton's Laws & Momentum](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/3-1-4-end-of-topic-test-newtons-laws-and-momentum.md)
  - [3.1.5 A-A* (AO3/4) - Newton's Third Law](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/3-1-5-a-a-ao34-newtons-third-law.md)
- 3.2 Non-Uniform Motion
  - [3.2.1 Projectile Motion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/3-2-1-projectile-motion.md)
- 3.3 Linear Momentum & Conservation
  - [3.3.1 Conservation of Momentum](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/3-3-1-conservation-of-momentum.md)

### 4 Force, Density & Pressure
- 4.1 Force, Density & Pressure
  - [4.1.1 Fields](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/4-1-1-fields.md)
  - [4.1.2 Force in Uniform Fields](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/4-1-2-force-in-uniform-fields.md)
  - [4.1.3 Friction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/4-1-3-friction.md)
  - [4.1.4 Buoyancy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/4-1-4-buoyancy.md)
  - [4.1.5 Terminal Speed](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/4-1-5-terminal-speed.md)
  - [4.1.6 End of Topic Test - Acceleration Due to Gravity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/4-1-6-end-of-topic-test-acceleration-due-to-gravity.md)
  - [4.1.7 Centre of Mass](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/4-1-7-centre-of-mass.md)
  - [4.1.8 Forces & Equilibrium](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/4-1-8-forces-and-equilibrium.md)
  - [4.1.9 End of Topic Test - Scalars & Vectors](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/4-1-9-end-of-topic-test-scalars-and-vectors.md)
  - [4.1.10 Moments](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/4-1-10-moments.md)
  - [4.1.11 End of Topic Test - Moments & Centre of Mass](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/4-1-11-end-of-topic-test-moments-and-centre-of-mass.md)
  - [4.1.12 Density](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/4-1-12-density.md)
  - [4.1.13 Pressure](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/4-1-13-pressure.md)

### 5 Work, Energy & Power
- 5.1 Work, Energy & Power
  - [5.1.1 Work & Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/5-1-1-work-and-energy.md)
  - [5.1.2 Power & Efficiency](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/5-1-2-power-and-efficiency.md)
  - [5.1.3 Conservation of Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/5-1-3-conservation-of-energy.md)
  - [5.1.4 End of Topic Test - Work, Energy & Power](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/5-1-4-end-of-topic-test-work-energy-and-power.md)
- 5.2 Gravitational Fields
  - [5.2.1 Newton's Law](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/5-2-1-newtons-law.md)
  - [5.2.2 Gravitational Field Strength](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/5-2-2-gravitational-field-strength.md)
  - [5.2.3 Gravitational Potential](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/5-2-3-gravitational-potential.md)

### 6 Deformation of Solids
- 6.1 Materials
  - [6.1.1 Bulk Properties of Solids](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/6-1-1-bulk-properties-of-solids.md)
  - [6.1.2 Energy in Materials](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/6-1-2-energy-in-materials.md)
  - [6.1.3 Young Modulus](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/6-1-3-young-modulus.md)
  - [6.1.4 End of Topic Test - Materials](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/6-1-4-end-of-topic-test-materials.md)

### 7 Waves
- 7.1 Simple Harmonic Motion
  - [7.1.1 Simple Harmonic Motion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/7-1-1-simple-harmonic-motion.md)
  - [7.1.2 Simple Harmonic Systems](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/7-1-2-simple-harmonic-systems.md)
  - [7.1.3 Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/7-1-3-energy-in-simple-harmonic-motion.md)
  - [7.1.4 Resonance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/7-1-4-resonance.md)
  - [7.1.5 End of Topic Test - Simple Harmonic Motion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/7-1-5-end-of-topic-test-simple-harmonic-motion.md)
  - [7.1.6 A-A* (AO3/4) - Simple Harmonic Motion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/7-1-6-a-a-ao34-simple-harmonic-motion.md)
  - [7.1.7 End of Topic Test - Gravitational Fields](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/7-1-7-end-of-topic-test-gravitational-fields.md)
- 7.2 Waves
  - [7.2.1 Progressive Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/7-2-1-progressive-waves.md)
  - [7.2.2 Intensity of Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/7-2-2-intensity-of-waves.md)
  - [7.2.3 Wave Speed & Phase Difference](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/7-2-3-wave-speed-and-phase-difference.md)
  - [7.2.4 Longitudinal & Transverse Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/7-2-4-longitudinal-and-transverse-waves.md)
  - [7.2.5 End of Topic Test - Progressive Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/7-2-5-end-of-topic-test-progressive-waves.md)
  - [7.2.6 Electromagnetic Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/7-2-6-electromagnetic-waves.md)
  - [7.2.7 Doppler Effect](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/7-2-7-doppler-effect.md)
  - [7.2.8 Sound Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/7-2-8-sound-waves.md)
  - [7.2.9 Measuring Sound Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/7-2-9-measuring-sound-waves.md)
  - [7.2.10 End of Topic Test - Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/7-2-10-end-of-topic-test-waves.md)
  - [7.2.11 Ultrasound Imaging](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/7-2-11-ultrasound-imaging.md)
  - [7.2.12 Ultrasound Imaging 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/7-2-12-ultrasound-imaging-2.md)

### 8 Superposition
- 8.1 Superposition
  - [8.1.1 Stationary Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/8-1-1-stationary-waves.md)
  - [8.1.2 Stationary Waves 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/8-1-2-stationary-waves-2.md)
  - [8.1.3 End of Topic Test - Stationary Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/8-1-3-end-of-topic-test-stationary-waves.md)
  - [8.1.4 A-A* (AO3/4) - Stationary Waves](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/8-1-4-a-a-ao34-stationary-waves.md)
  - [8.1.5 Interference](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/8-1-5-interference.md)
  - [8.1.6 Interference 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/8-1-6-interference-2.md)
  - [8.1.7 End of Topic Test - Interference](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/8-1-7-end-of-topic-test-interference.md)
  - [8.1.8 Diffraction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/8-1-8-diffraction.md)
  - [8.1.9 Diffraction Gratings](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/8-1-9-diffraction-gratings.md)
  - [8.1.10 End of Topic Test - Diffraction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/8-1-10-end-of-topic-test-diffraction.md)

### 9 Thermal Physics
- 9.1 Circular Motion
  - [9.1.1 Circular Motion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/9-1-1-circular-motion.md)
  - [9.1.2 Circular Motion 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/9-1-2-circular-motion-2.md)
  - [9.1.3 End of Topic Test - Circular Motion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/9-1-3-end-of-topic-test-circular-motion.md)
- 9.2 Thermal Physics
  - [9.2.1 Temperature](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/9-2-1-temperature.md)
  - [9.2.2 Measuring Temperature](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/9-2-2-measuring-temperature.md)
  - [9.2.3 Ideal Gas Law](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/9-2-3-ideal-gas-law.md)
  - [9.2.4 Ideal Gases](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/9-2-4-ideal-gases.md)
  - [9.2.5 Boyle's Law & Charles' Law](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/9-2-5-boyles-law-and-charles-law.md)
  - [9.2.6 Molecular Kinetic Theory Model](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/9-2-6-molecular-kinetic-theory-model.md)
  - [9.2.7 Molecular Kinetic Theory Model 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/9-2-7-molecular-kinetic-theory-model-2.md)
  - [9.2.8 Thermal Energy Transfer](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/9-2-8-thermal-energy-transfer.md)
  - [9.2.9 Thermal Energy Transfer Experiments](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/9-2-9-thermal-energy-transfer-experiments.md)
  - [9.2.10 End of Topic Test - Thermal Energy & Ideal Gases](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/9-2-10-end-of-topic-test-thermal-energy-and-ideal-gases.md)
  - [9.2.11 First Law of Thermodynamics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/9-2-11-first-law-of-thermodynamics.md)

### 10 Communication
- 10.1 Communication Channels
  - [10.1.1 Communication Channels](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/10-1-1-communication-channels.md)
  - [10.1.2 Modulation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/10-1-2-modulation.md)
  - [10.1.3 Attenuation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/10-1-3-attenuation.md)
- 10.2 Digital Communication
  - [10.2.1 Digital & Analogue Signals](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/10-2-1-digital-and-analogue-signals.md)
  - [10.2.2 Representing Sound](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/10-2-2-representing-sound.md)

### 11 Electric Fields
- 11.1 Electric Fields
  - [11.1.1 Coulomb's Law](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/11-1-1-coulombs-law.md)
  - [11.1.2 Electric Field Strength](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/11-1-2-electric-field-strength.md)
  - [11.1.3 Electric Field Strength 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/11-1-3-electric-field-strength-2.md)
  - [11.1.4 Electric Potential](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/11-1-4-electric-potential.md)
  - [11.1.5 End of Topic Test - Electric Fields](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/11-1-5-end-of-topic-test-electric-fields.md)
  - [11.1.6 A-A* (AO3/4) - Electric and Gravitational Field](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/11-1-6-a-a-ao34-electric-and-gravitational-field.md)
- 11.2 Capacitance
  - [11.2.1 Capacitance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/11-2-1-capacitance.md)
  - [11.2.2 Parallel Plate Capacitor](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/11-2-2-parallel-plate-capacitor.md)
  - [11.2.3 Energy Stored by a Capacitor](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/11-2-3-energy-stored-by-a-capacitor.md)
  - [11.2.4 Capacitor Discharge](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/11-2-4-capacitor-discharge.md)
  - [11.2.5 Capacitor Charge](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/11-2-5-capacitor-charge.md)

### 12 Current Electricity
- 12.1 Current Electricity
  - [12.1.1 Basics of Electricity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/12-1-1-basics-of-electricity.md)
  - [12.1.2 Mean Drift Velocity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/12-1-2-mean-drift-velocity.md)
  - [12.1.3 Current-Voltage Characteristics](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/12-1-3-current-voltage-characteristics.md)
  - [12.1.4 End of Topic Test - Basics of Electricity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/12-1-4-end-of-topic-test-basics-of-electricity.md)
  - [12.1.5 Resistivity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/12-1-5-resistivity.md)
  - [12.1.6 End of Topic Test - Resistivity & Superconductors](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/12-1-6-end-of-topic-test-resistivity-and-superconductors.md)
  - [12.1.7 Power and Conservation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/12-1-7-power-and-conservation.md)
  - [12.1.8 Microphones](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/12-1-8-microphones.md)
  - [12.1.9 Components](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/12-1-9-components.md)
  - [12.1.10 Relays](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/12-1-10-relays.md)
  - [12.1.11 Strain Gauges](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/12-1-11-strain-gauges.md)
- 12.2 DC Circuits
  - [12.2.1 Circuits](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/12-2-1-circuits.md)
  - [12.2.2 Potential Divider](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/12-2-2-potential-divider.md)
  - [12.2.3 Emf & Internal Resistance](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/12-2-3-emf-and-internal-resistance.md)
  - [12.2.4 End of Topic Test - Power & Potential](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/12-2-4-end-of-topic-test-power-and-potential.md)

### 13 Magnetic Fields
- 13.1 Magnetic Fields
  - [13.1.1 Magnetic Flux Density](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/13-1-1-magnetic-flux-density.md)
  - [13.1.2 End of Topic Test - Capacitance & Flux Density](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/13-1-2-end-of-topic-test-capacitance-and-flux-density.md)
  - [13.1.3 Moving Charges in a Magnetic Field](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/13-1-3-moving-charges-in-a-magnetic-field.md)
  - [13.1.4 Magnetic Flux & Flux Linkage](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/13-1-4-magnetic-flux-and-flux-linkage.md)
  - [13.1.5 Electromagnetic Induction](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/13-1-5-electromagnetic-induction.md)
  - [13.1.6 Electromagnetic Induction 2](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/13-1-6-electromagnetic-induction-2.md)
  - [13.1.7 Magnetic Flux Density](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/13-1-7-magnetic-flux-density.md)
  - [13.1.8 Magnetic Resonance Scanning](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/13-1-8-magnetic-resonance-scanning.md)
- 13.2 Alternating Currents
  - [13.2.1 Alternating Currents](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/13-2-1-alternating-currents.md)
  - [13.2.2 Operation of a Transformer](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/13-2-2-operation-of-a-transformer.md)
  - [13.2.3 End of Topic Test - Electromagnetic Induction & AC](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/13-2-3-end-of-topic-test-electromagnetic-induction-and-ac.md)
  - [13.2.4 Rectification](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/13-2-4-rectification.md)

### 14 Modern Physics
- 14.1 Quantum Physics
  - [14.1.1 The Photoelectric Effect](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/14-1-1-the-photoelectric-effect.md)
  - [14.1.2 The Photoelectric Effect Explanation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/14-1-2-the-photoelectric-effect-explanation.md)
  - [14.1.3 End of Topic Test - The Photoelectric Effect](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/14-1-3-end-of-topic-test-the-photoelectric-effect.md)
  - [14.1.4 Collisions of Electrons with Atoms](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/14-1-4-collisions-of-electrons-with-atoms.md)
  - [14.1.5 Energy Levels & Photon Emission](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/14-1-5-energy-levels-and-photon-emission.md)
  - [14.1.6 Wave-Particle Duality](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/14-1-6-wave-particle-duality.md)
  - [14.1.7 End of Topic Test - Absorption & Emission](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/14-1-7-end-of-topic-test-absorption-and-emission.md)
  - [14.1.8 Band Theory](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/14-1-8-band-theory.md)
  - [14.1.9 Diagnostic X-Rays](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/14-1-9-diagnostic-x-rays.md)
  - [14.1.10 X-Ray Image Processing](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/14-1-10-x-ray-image-processing.md)
  - [14.1.11 Absorption of X-Rays](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/14-1-11-absorption-of-x-rays.md)
  - [14.1.12 CT Scanners](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/14-1-12-ct-scanners.md)
- 14.2 Nuclear Physics
  - [14.2.1 Rutherford Scattering](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/14-2-1-rutherford-scattering.md)
  - [14.2.2 Atomic Model](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/14-2-2-atomic-model.md)
  - [14.2.3 Isotopes](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/14-2-3-isotopes.md)
  - [14.2.4 Stable & Unstable Nuclei](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/14-2-4-stable-and-unstable-nuclei.md)
  - [14.2.5 A-A* (AO3/4) - Stable & Unstable Nuclei](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/14-2-5-a-a-ao34-stable-and-unstable-nuclei.md)
  - [14.2.6 Alpha & Beta Radiation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/14-2-6-alpha-and-beta-radiation.md)
  - [14.2.7 Gamma Radiation](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/14-2-7-gamma-radiation.md)
  - [14.2.8 Particles, Antiparticles & Photons](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/14-2-8-particles-antiparticles-and-photons.md)
  - [14.2.9 Quarks & Antiquarks](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/14-2-9-quarks-and-antiquarks.md)
  - [14.2.10 Particle Interactions](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/14-2-10-particle-interactions.md)
  - [14.2.11 Radioactive Decay](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/14-2-11-radioactive-decay.md)
  - [14.2.12 Half Life](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/14-2-12-half-life.md)
  - [14.2.13 End of Topic Test - Radioactivity](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/14-2-13-end-of-topic-test-radioactivity.md)
  - [14.2.14 Nuclear Instability](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/14-2-14-nuclear-instability.md)
  - [14.2.15 Mass & Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/14-2-15-mass-and-energy.md)
  - [14.2.16 Binding Energy](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/14-2-16-binding-energy.md)
  - [14.2.17 A-A* (AO3/4) - Nuclear Fusion](https://senecalearning.com/en-gb/revision-notes/international-a-level/physics/cambridge-international/14-2-17-a-a-ao34-nuclear-fusion.md)